Relationship of Metabolic Costs of Aquatic Treadmill Versus Land Treadmill Running

Running injuries are common, usually causing athletes to cease or significantly reduce participation in a particular sport. The recent development of aquatic treadmills (ATM), an alternative to land treadmill (LTM) running, provides another option. This study sought to examine the metabolic (VO2) relationship between varying jet resistances and running speed on an ATM versus LTM. This was accomplished by developing two linear regression equations and a prediction equation. One linear regression represented the predicted VO2 from a given speed and jet resistance setting in the water, the other linear regression predicted VO2 on land from a given speed and the prediction equation was designed to match land speed to a VO2 score derived from ATM running conditions. This study examined experienced runners (N = 18). Each subject completed an initial VO2 peak test, three LTM trials, and 18 ATM trials. Each ATM trial consisted of running for three minutes at either a relatively slow, moderate, or somewhat fast speed while one of six ATM jet settings ranging from 0 to 100% jet capacity in 20% increments were assigned to the trial. Oxygen consumption (VO2) and heart rate (HR) were measured during each trial while ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were solicited immediately following each trial. Resulting analysis produced an ATM linear regression for each jet resistance setting and a LTM linear regression equation of VO2 = 4.16 * speed + 7.39. A prediction equation for each jet resistance setting was then determined from the linear regression equations for both the ATM and LTM conditions. Results showed that at and between 0-40% jet resistances that there is not a marked difference in metabolic cost but from 40-100% jet resistances the VO2 is influenced more strongly. These results demonstrate that ATM metabolic costs are not only influenced by jet resistance settings but at jet resistances of 40% or greater provide an intensity of exercise that mimics running faster on LTM. This provides an added benefit for those individuals who may be limited due to acute overuse-type injuries or returning to full LTM activity following lower extremity surgery

Introduction: Discourse-pragmatic markers in speech and sign

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Estimating weight increase due to finite element reinforcements in concept design

Weight estimation is an important part of ship design, affecting stability analysis and providing key information for the ship’s contract. If the contract weight is exceeded, the ship could be rejected or renegotiated. Thus, it is crucial to accurately estimate the ship’s weight as early in the process as possible. In the concept design phase, the structural design is preliminary and is based on classification society guidelines that are governed by classical beam theory. However, many ships do not follow classical beam theory and require direct calculation methods in the form of Finite Element Analysis (FEA). This thesis provides a weight estimation method that utilizes FEA to predict a ship’s structural weight in the concept design phase. The weight estimation method uses the global coarse mesh FE model. Screening is a term that describes the process of checking a design against given criteria to determine its validity. In structural design, screening is used to determine whether a ship’s structures pass strength criteria for different load cases and limit states. In this thesis, a screening method is used to test the structural model against buckling criteria as defined in DNV rules. The buckling criteria are tested utilizing a screening tool that interfaces with FEMAP using a global FE model. The tool provides solutions to increase buckling strength, including increasing number or size of stiffeners, and adding plate thickness. When the buckling criteria are met, the program stores the data including reinforcements, where it is then run through Matlab to produce results includ-ing type and number of reinforcements, weight added, and change in the center of gravity. The method is tested using a case study of a Ropax ship. The weight increase and locations of added reinforcements are compared with results of this ship in different design phases. The results indicate that a weight margin is still needed in the concept phase, since many different aspects besides reinforcements might change throughout the design. But the results show that the screening method increases the accuracy of the weight estimation. This method only utilizes buckling criteria, and a more accurate method could expand to include fatigue and yield criteria and solutions

Choral Ensemble

Kennesaw State University School of Music presents: Choral Ensembles.https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/musicprograms/1561/thumbnail.jp

Constructing Lagrangians from triple grid diagrams

Links in $S^3$ can be encoded by grid diagrams; a grid diagram is a collection of points on a toroidal grid such that each row and column of the grid contains exactly two points. Grid diagrams can be reinterpreted as front projections of Legendrian links in the standard contact 3-sphere. In this paper, we define and investigate triple grid diagrams, a generalization to toroidal diagrams consisting of horizontal, vertical, and diagonal grid lines. In certain cases, a triple grid diagram determines a closed Lagrangian surface in $\mathbb{CP}^2$. Specifically, each triple grid diagram determines three grid diagrams (row-column, column-diagonal and diagonal-row) and thus three Legendrian links, which we think of collectively as a Legendrian link in a disjoint union of three standard contact 3-spheres. We show that a triple grid diagram naturally determines a Lagrangian cap in the complement of three Darboux balls in $\mathbb{CP}^2$, whose negative boundary is precisely this Legendrian link. When these Legendrians are maximal Legendrian unlinks, the Lagrangian cap can be filled by Lagrangian slice disks to obtain a closed Lagrangian surface in $\mathbb{CP}^2$. We construct families of examples of triple grid diagrams and discuss potential applications to obstructing Lagrangian fillings.Comment: 25 pages, 22 figures, comments very welcome

Holiday Concert

Kennesaw State University School of Music presents: Holiday Concert.https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/musicprograms/1575/thumbnail.jp

An evaluation of UK foundation trainee doctors’ learning behaviours in a technology-enhanced learning environment

BACKGROUND: Technology-Enhanced Learning (TEL) can be used to educate Foundation Programme trainee (F1 and F2) doctors. Despite the advantages of TEL, learning behaviours may be exhibited that are not desired by system developers or educators. The aim of this evaluation was to investigate how learner behaviours (e.g. time spent on task) were affected by temporal (e.g. time of year), module (e.g. word count), and individual (e.g. knowledge) factors for 16 mandatory TEL modules related to prescribing and therapeutics. METHODS: Data were extracted from the SCRIPT e-Learning platform for first year Foundation trainee (F1) doctors in the Health Education England’s West Midland region from 1(st) August 2013 to 5(th) August 2014. Generalised Estimating Equation models were used to examine the relationship between time taken to complete modules, date modules were completed, pre- and post-test scores, and module factors. RESULTS: Over the time period examined, 688 F1 doctors interacted with the 16 compulsory modules 10,255 times. The geometric mean time taken to complete a module was 28.9 min (95 % Confidence Interval: 28.4–29.5) and 1,075 (10.5 %) modules were completed in less than 10 min. In February and June (prior to F1 progression reviews) peaks occurred in the number of modules completed and troughs in the time taken. Most modules were completed, and the greatest amount of time was spent on the learning on a Sunday. More time was taken by those doctors with greater pre-test scores and those with larger improvements in test scores. CONCLUSIONS: Foundation trainees are exhibiting unintended learning behaviours in this TEL environment, which may be attributed to several factors. These findings can help guide future developments of this TEL programme and the integration of other TEL programmes into curricula by raising awareness of potential behavioural issues that may arise. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12909-016-0651-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users