Gender, Time Use, and Poverty: Introduction

This paper serves as an introduction and overview for a volume that aims to shed light on the question of “time poverty” in Sub-Saharan Africa and its relationship with consumption-based measures of poverty, as well as other development outcomes. Time poverty, especially as seen in the “double workday” of women, has long been a staple of discussion of women’s situation in Africa. Yet it is not always clear what is meant by time poverty, how time poverty is measured, or what actions are required to tackle time poverty once identified. The papers presented in this volume seek to address these questions by reviewing the existing literature and analyzing new data available in time use modules of household income and consumption surveys in several African countries. The objective is to provide guidance and examples of how to define and measure time poverty, and also to address ways through which a better understanding of time poverty can inform poverty diagnostics, national poverty reduction strategies, and the design and implementation of development interventions.Time use; time poverty; poverty; Africa; intrahousehold allocation

Development of public health administration in Glasgow, 1842-1872

This thesis outlines the course of public health improvement in Glasgow between l842 and 1872, through the medium of local government administration. After an Introduction in which the general sanitary condition of the city in the middle years of the nineteenth century is described, the thesis examines four main areas of public health - administration, cleansing, the control of epidem diseases and improvement of working class housing. Section I examines the reform of administration. Chapter 2 outlines the changing pattern of administration throughout the period. Chapters 3 to 6 describe the various local government bodies which existed prior to l846 and their relationships, the extension of the city over the suburbs in 1846 which provided the essential administrative basis for reform, and the subsequent evolution of municipal and parochial public health administration. Section II deals with the cleansing of the city in its widest sense. After an opening chapter, Chapter 7, which looks briefly at the problems of cleansing throughout the period and the methods adopted for tackling them, the various local authorities responsible for general sanitation are examined, the evolution of cleansing methods and the effectiveness of these in practice. Two final chapters in this section, Chapters 13 and 14, look at the related problems of sewage disposal and smoke control and the local authority's response to these, andfinally the successful introduction of a water supply. Section III deals with the local authority's role in the control and prevention of epidemic disease. Chapter 15 looks at the whole spectrum of morbidity and mortality in Glasgow with regard to communicable diseases. Chapters 16 and 18 look at two different periods of exceptional epidemic disease and the varying successes of the local authorities in each period in coping with the emergency. Chapter 17, which links them, shows the gradual change of emphasis in local authority attitudes towards responsibility for epidemic disease and the changing role of municipality and parochial boards in this field.The final section, Section IV, looks at the problem of housing the working classes in Glasgow. Chapter 19 outlines the build-up of the city from a comparatively small size in 1800 to a major conurbation by 1872, with inevitable divisions into rich and poor areas, and shows the changing pattern of working class housing throughout the period with a parallel change in middle-class attitudes towards the way in which the poor lived. Chapter 20 outlines the attempts by the local authority to solve the most pressing problems in housing, including overcrowding in small homes, the lack of any building regulations, the proliferation of common lodging houses and the increasing need for slum clearance. A final Chapter, Chapter 21, looks back over the whole period and attempts to assess the part played by local authorities in bringing about an improvement in the health of the city. It is hoped that this thesis will show not only how one city, a major industrial centre and a city with an unenviable reputation for dirt and disease in the midnineteenth century, attempted to put its house in order with regard to public health, but also the varying factors at work which made change possible. These included the development of national and local statute law to persuade and then compel public health improvement, the influence of major sanitarians with a national reputation and of dedicated individuals within the council and among the municipal employees in Glasgow itself, and finally the development of scientific theories which linked dirt and disease together. These factors were to assist in bringing about a change from general indifference to public health on the part of the general public, to an awareness of the need for improvement and so to a final acceptance of the reforms outlined in this thesis

Transnational Policy Articulations: India, Agriculture, and the WTO

Agriculture remains one of the most contentious issues in the ongoing negotiations of the World Trade Organization, with serious implications for food security and the livelihood of farmers in the developing world. This dissertation examines the formation of agricultural trade policy and the politics and arguments surrounding it within the context of India’s position in the World Trade Organization (WTO). The research has two components. A set of archival documents relating to India’s participation in a WTO institution called the Trade Policy Review (TPR) was analyzed. In addition, semi-structured interviews were undertaken with a number of Indian experts and officials involved in agricultural trade policy. This project suggests a number of tentative conclusions with implications for political geography and particularly for the literature on policy transfer, neoliberalism, and Neo-Gramscian models of international relations. First, it finds that the WTO Secretariat plays a key role in promoting neoliberal ideas within the TPR institution and that the forms of argumentation used here can help to explain the resiliency of neoliberalism in the face of policy failure. Second, it shows that the Indian government has not accepted neoliberal policy models wholesale, but has exercised autonomy, selectivity, and adaptation in its liberalization programs. Third, it demonstrates that neoliberal ideas do not always favor the positions of developed countries. Finally, it supports the narrative of increasing developing country bargaining in the WTO and shows that the Indian representatives bolster their arguments by articulating them as being in the interest of the developing world in general

Alien Registration- Blackden, Harvey A. (Wade, Aroostook County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/32721/thumbnail.jp

Analysis of Traffic Crash Data in Kentucky 2018-2022

This report documents analysis of traffic crash data in Kentucky. A primary objective of this study was to determine average crash statistics for Kentucky highways. Where used, rates were calculated for various highway types and for counties and cities. Difference criteria were used for exposure. Average and critical numbers, SPFs, and crash rates were calculated for various highway types in rural and urban areas. These metrics rely on crashes identified on highways where Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) volumes were available. Data in this report may be used to help identify problem areas. The other primary objective of this study was to provide benchmark data that can be used to prepare the problem identification portion of Kentucky’s Annual Highway Safety Plan (HSP). Crash statistics were analyzed and a summary of results and recommendations in several problem identification areas is presented. These general areas include alcohol involvement, occupant protection, speed, teenage drivers, pedestrians, bicycles, motorcycles, trucks, and vehicle defects. Other areas covered in the analysis for which specific recommendations were not made include school bus crashes and train crashes. Crash data are stored in the Collision Report Analysis for Safer Highways (CRASH) database. This database is updated daily, so the number of crashes in a given calendar year continues to change for a substantial time after the end of that year. KTC captures an extract annually for analysis. Since 1978, annual reports have been prepared to document statewide crash rates. Traffic crash data for a five-year period were used to prepare this report. Kentucky has a systematic procedure to identify locations that have had abnormal rates or numbers of traffic crashes. However, before that procedure may be utilized, average crash rates and numbers must be determined for appropriate highway categories and for rural and urban areas. Those statistics may then be used in the high-crash location identification program to identify locations that should be investigated to determine whether changes should be made. A highway safety program is prepared each year for Kentucky in order to comply with 23 U.S. Code § 402. This program includes identifying, programming, budgeting, and evaluating safety projects with the objective of reducing the number and severity of traffic crashes

Spatial Database For Intersections

Deciding which intersections in the state of Kentucky warrant safety improvements requires a comprehensive inventory with information on every intersection in the public roadway network. The Kentucky Transportation Cabinet (KYTC) had previously catalogued only those intersections where state-maintained roadways met. However, this inventory did not account for intersections between state- and locally-maintained routes, nor was it designed to accommodate regular updates. As such, the Kentucky Transportation Center (KTC) at the University of Kentucky developed a methodology to create and maintain a full inventory of every intersection in the state. The database contains precise location information as well as several safety and operational attributes for each point of an intersection. By replicating the topology factors used in the Highway Safety Manual (HSM), the research team categorized every intersection type, and developed. Safety Performance Functions (SPF) for each intersection type. The SPFs were used to rank each intersection. It is anticipated that this project’s deliverables will be used to increase KYTC’s ability to effectively allocate funds to maintain and improve intersection safety. Making the database available to expert users will allow continuous improvements. In the future, AADT data and traffic control information could be included

Gender, Time Use, and Poverty: Introduction

This paper serves as an introduction and overview for a volume that aims to shed light on the question of “time poverty” in Sub-Saharan Africa and its relationship with consumption-based measures of poverty, as well as other development outcomes. Time poverty, especially as seen in the “double workday” of women, has long been a staple of discussion of women’s situation in Africa. Yet it is not always clear what is meant by time poverty, how time poverty is measured, or what actions are required to tackle time poverty once identified. The papers presented in this volume seek to address these questions by reviewing the existing literature and analyzing new data available in time use modules of household income and consumption surveys in several African countries. The objective is to provide guidance and examples of how to define and measure time poverty, and also to address ways through which a better understanding of time poverty can inform poverty diagnostics, national poverty reduction strategies, and the design and implementation of development interventions

Kentucky Traffic Collision Facts 2020

KENTUCKY’S TRAFFIC COLLISION FACTS report is based on collision reports submitted to the Kentucky State Police Records Branch. As required by Kentucky Revised Statutes 189.635: “Every law enforcement agency whose officers investigate a vehicle accident of which a report must be made...shall file a report of the accident...within ten days after investigation of the accident upon forms supplied by the bureau.” The stated purpose of this requirement is to utilize data on traffic collisions for such purposes as will improve the traffic safety program in the Commonwealth