Cooling of 2 kW H subscript 2-O subscript 2 fuel cell

An extensive research and development program has been carried out to devise an improved method of removing waste heat of reaction from a developmental 2 kW hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell

Non-LTE Monte Carlo Radiative Transfer: II. Non-Isothermal Solutions for Viscous Keplerian Disks

We discuss the basic hydrodynamics that determines the density structure of the disks around hot stars. Observational evidence supports the idea that these disks are Keplerian (rotationally supported) gaseous disks. A popular scenario in the literature, which naturally leads to the formation of Keplerian disks, is the viscous decretion model. According to this scenario, the disks are hydrostatically supported in the vertical direction, while the radial structure is governed by the viscous transport. This suggests that the temperature is one primary factor that governs the disk density structure. In a previous study we demonstrated, using 3-D NLTE Monte Carlo simulations, that viscous keplerian disks can be highly non-isothermal. In this paper we build upon our previous work and solve the full problem of the steady-state non-isothermal viscous diffusion and vertical hydrostatic equilibrium. We find that the self-consistent solution departs significantly from the analytic isothermal density, with potentially large effects on the emergent spectrum. This implies that non-isothermal disk models must be used for a detailed modeling of Be star disks.Comment: 22 pages, 9 figures, Ap

2-D Radiative Transfer in Protostellar Envelopes: I. Effects of Geometry on Class I Sources

We present 2-D radiation transfer models of Class I Protostars and show the effect of including more realistic geometries on the resulting spectral energy distributions and images. We begin with a rotationally flattened infalling envelope as our comparison model, and add a flared disk and bipolar cavity. The disk affects the spectral energy distribution most strongly at edge-on inclinations, causing a broad dip at about 10 um (independent of the silicate feature) due to high extinction and low scattering albedo in this wavelength region. The bipolar cavities allow more direct stellar+disk radiation to emerge into polar directions, and more scattering radiation to emerge into all directions. The wavelength-integrated flux, often interpreted as luminosity, varies with viewing angle, with pole-on viewing angles seeing 2-4 times as much flux as edge-on, depending on geometry. Thus, observational estimates of luminosity should take into account the inclination of a source. The envelopes with cavities are significantly bluer in near-IR and mid-IR color-color plots than those without cavities. Using 1-D models to interpret Class I sources with bipolar cavities would lead to an underestimate of envelope mass and an overestimate of the implied evolutionary state. We compute images at near-, mid-, and far-IR wavelengths. We find that the mid-IR colors and images are sensitive to scattering albedo, and that the flared disk shadows the midplane on large size scales at all wavelengths plotted. Finally, our models produce polarization spectra which can be used to diagnose dust properties, such as albedo variations due to grain growth. Our results of polarization across the 3.1 um ice feature agree well with observations for ice mantles covering 5% of the radius of the grains.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ, 37 pages, 13 figures (several figures reduced in quality; find original version at http://gemelli.colorado.edu/~bwhitney/preprints.html

Achernar: Rapid Polarization Variability as Evidence of Photospheric and Circumstellar Activity

We present the results of a high accuracy ($\sigma \approx 0.005$) polarization monitoring of the Be Star Achernar that was carried out between July 7th and November 5th, 2006. Our results indicate that, after a near quiescent phase from 1998 to 2002, Achernar is presently in an active phase and has built a circumstellar disk. We detect variations both in the polarization level and position angle in timescales as short as one hour and as long as several weeks. Detailed modeling of the observed polarization strongly suggests that the short-term variations originate from discrete mass ejection events which produce transient inhomogeneities in the inner disk. Long-term variations, on the other hand, can be explained by the formation of an inner ring following one or several mass ejection events.Comment: 16 pages, 5 figures, Accepted to Ap

2-D Radiative Transfer in Protostellar Envelopes: II. An Evolutionary Sequence

We present model spectral energy distributions, colors, polarization, and images for an evolutionary sequence of a low-mass protostar from the early collapse stage (Class 0) to the remnant disk stage (Class III). We find a substantial overlap in colors and SEDs between protostars embedded in envelopes (Class 0-I) and T Tauri disks (Class II), especially at mid-IR wavelengths. Edge-on Class I-II sources show double-peaked spectral energy distributions, with a short-wavelength hump due to scattered light and the long-wavelength hump due to thermal emission. These are the bluest sources in mid-IR color-color diagrams. Since Class 0 and I sources are diffuse, the size of the aperture over which fluxes are integrated has a substantial effect on the computed colors, with larger aperture results showing significantly bluer colors. This causes overlap in color-color diagrams between all evolutionary states, especially in the mid-IR. However the near-IR polarization of the Class 0 sources is much higher than the Class I-II sources, providing a means to separate these evolutionary states. We varied the grain properties in the circumstellar envelope, allowing for larger grains in the disk midplane and smaller in the envelope. We find that grain growth in disks of Class I sources can be detected at wavelengths greater than 100 $\mu$m. Our image calculations predict that the diffuse emission from edge-on Class I and II sources should be detectable in the mid-IR with the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) in nearby star forming regions (out to several hundred parsecs).Comment: A version with high-resolution images is available at http://www.astro.wisc.edu/glimpse/glimpsepubs.htm

Where's the Doughnut? LBV bubbles and Aspherical Fast Winds

In this paper we address the issue of the origin of LBV bipolar bubbles. Previous studies have explained the shapes of LBV nebulae, such as $\eta$ Car, by invoking the interaction of an isotropic fast wind with a previously deposited, slow aspherical wind (a ``slow torus''). In this paper we focus on the opposite scenario where an aspherical fast wind expands into a previously deposited isotropic slow wind. Using high resolution hydrodynamic simulations, which include the effects of radiative cooling, we have completed a series of numerical experiments to test if and how aspherical fast winds effect wind blown bubble morphologies. Our experiments explore a variety of models for the latitudinal variations of fast wind flow parameters. The simulations demonstrate that aspherical fast winds can produce strongly bipolar outflows. In addition the properties of outflows recover some important aspects of LBV bubbles which the previous "slow torus" models can not.Comment: 23 pages, 6 figures, to appear the Astrophysical Journa

Single-Chain Fv-Based Anti-HIV Proteins: Potential and Limitations

The existence of very potent, broadly neutralizing antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) offers the potential for prophylaxis against HIV-1 infection by passive immunization or gene therapy. Both routes permit the delivery of modified forms of IgGs. Smaller reagents are favored when considering ease of tissue penetration and the limited capacities of gene therapy vectors. Immunoadhesin (single-chain fragment variable [scFv]-Fc) forms of IgGs are one class of relatively small reagent that has been explored for delivery by adeno-associated virus. Here we investigated the neutralization potencies of immunoadhesins compared to those of their parent IgGs. For the antibodies VRC01, PG9, and PG16, the immunoadhesins showed modestly reduced potencies, likely reflecting reduced affinities compared to those of the parent IgG, and the VRC01 immunoadhesin formed dimers and multimers with reduced neutralization potencies. Although scFv forms of neutralizing antibodies may exhibit affinity reductions, they provide a means of building reagents with multiple activities. Attachment of the VRC01 scFv to PG16 IgG yielded a bispecific reagent whose neutralization activity combined activities from both parent antibodies. Although the neutralization activity due to each component was partially reduced, the combined reagent is attractive since fewer strains escaped neutralization

A dimeric form of the HIV-1 antibody 2G12 elicits potent antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity

Objective: Increasing data support a role for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in controlling HIV-1 infection. We recently isolated a naturally occurring dimeric form of the anti-HIV-1 antibody 2G12 and found it to be significantly more potent than 2G12 monomer in neutralizing primary virus strains. However, given the unusual structure of dimeric 2G12 with two Fc regions, it was not clear whether 2G12 dimer could bind to the CD16 Fc receptor on ADCC effector cells or trigger ADCC. Here we compared the in-vitro ADCC activities of 2G12 monomer and dimer and investigated the effects of including ADCC-enhancing mutations in both forms of 2G12. Methods: An in-vitro ADCC assay using target cells stably expressing gp160 was developed to evaluate the activities of 2G12 monomer and dimer with and without ADCC-enhancing mutations that increase the CD16-binding affinity of the 2G12 Fc region. Results: Both 2G12 monomer and 2G12 dimer elicited ADCC, although the dimer showed increased potency [lower half-maximal concentration (EC50)] in triggering ADCC, thus confirming its ability to bind CD16 and trigger ADCC. The ADCC-enhancing mutations improved the ADCC activity of 2G12 monomer more than 2G12 dimer such that their EC50 values were nearly equal. However, no increase in nonspecific ADCC activity was observed using 2G12 IgGs with these mutations. Conclusion: Given the likelihood that ADCC plays a role in protecting against initial infection and/or controlling chronic infection, these data suggest 2G12 dimers and/or addition of ADCC-enhancing mutations could augment the prophylactic and/or therapeutic potential of 2G12

Engineering Antibodies to Enhance Activity and Increase Half-life

Background: HIV/AIDS remains one of the most serious current threats to global public health. Although anti-HIV drugs have been effective among the wealthiest populations, a vaccine and/or new methods to prevent infections are needed lo control HIV globally. Strategies to combat HIV-1 require structural knowledge of how antibodies recognize HIV envelope proteins and how the immune system eliminates viruses. Until recently, only a small number of broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 had been characterized, and the immunological basis for their breadth and potency remains poorly understood. However. it was recently demonstrated that antibodies could be engineered to greatly enhance their breadth and potency (Diskin et al., Science 2011). Unfortunately, this and other engineering efforts have resulted in a decrease in antibody half-life in mouse and non-human primate models. This decrease in half-life correlates with an increase in reactivity to a variety of antigens, termed polyreactivity. Methods: In order to make better targets for passive delivery therapies, we are working to increase the half-life of antibodies while maintaining their breadth and potency using a variety of computational and structured-based techniques. One technique involves reducing the spatial aggregation propensity, in which an algorithm finds dynamically exposed hydrophobic patches on the surlace of proteins (Chemansetty et al., PNAS 2009). To this end, we have constructed several mutations in regions that have been predicted to have high aggregation propensities, and have tested them for polyreactivity and potency in neutralization assays. Results: Initial results show that these novel reagents have reduced polyreactivily, yet they still maintain their potency in in vitro neutralization assays. Conclusions: We are currently pursuing in vivo experiments in mice to further understand the relationship between antibody potency, polyreactivity, and half-life