5 research outputs found

    Om lÀrande i verksamhetsanknutna samtal En studie om prat och lÀrande i möten pÄ en arbetsplats

    Get PDF
    Bjerlöv, M (1999). Learning in Workbased Discourse. A Study of Talk and Learning in Meetings at a Workplace. (Doctoral Thesis no. 89. Department of Education, Stockholm University, Arbete och HĂ€lsa 1999:1. Solna, National Institute for Working Life. The work as well as the work organization at various levels within the public sector is in a process of change. The initiators behind these changes have been the government authorities and sometimes the labour market parties at central and/or local level. The last ten to fifteen years' changes could be portrayed as a journey between an old and a new ruling paradigm. Also as a journey between different organizational solutions; between solutions founded on antiquated beliefs and organizational ideals and solutions grounded on new, more recent experiences and beliefs regarding the work and society as a whole. This journey is the governing framework, the external context which is decisive for the ten employees' examination of an old and known versus a new work procedure. Their examination takes place in the reflective discourses between the participants and myself during the Fall 1992. On Talks in Worklife Many of us spend part of our work days in meetings. Meetings are an integral part of the organizational structure. They can serve the pur-pose of providing information, coordinating activities, or they can be occasions for discussion and decision-making. Yet, as Bormann (1983) says: "Much of what happens in organizations to individuals, formal units, and informal groups is chaotic. As members go about their business, commu-nicating to set and achieve goals, organize themselves into cohesive units, and establish social ties or group identities, they often find their here-and-now experiences confusing" (op cit p 105). There are also conversations carried on that provide opportunities for learning and development, for the individual as well as for the work and the organization : a spontaneous, unplanned learning that comes about as a by-product while we are busy doing other things. People learn from each other. To varying degrees, we consitute each other's meaning context. A work group, a family, a group of friends, consists of individuals who all have collective, private and available meaning structures (Dixon 1994). The specific focus of the study is the talk between ten employees at a public authority about the work meetings at their workplace. Each regular work meeting ended with a follow-up discussion, up to one hour long, about the outcome of the meeting and how the participants looked upon the communication between themselves. The object of the study was to generate new knowledge by gathering and analyzing data that would provide an answer to the following research question: How can the learning that takes place between participants in workbased discourses be understood and made comprehensible? The Study Equipped with a tape recorder, I participated in and recorded the work meetings and ensuing reflective discussions in the project-grants group. The meetings took place every second Friday. The object was to study the spontaneous, unplanned learning in workbased meetings. This object of mine was openly stated already at the outset. The group participants on their part formulated as their mutual interest to im-prove the communication in the meetings. Together with primarily the head of the unit, it was decided that in the course of the study all the administrative officials in the group were to describe their respective fields of responsibility. During the study we got to listen to descriptions of educational projects, women's projects, cultural projects and projects directed at specific municipa-lities in the region. All in all I participated in seven meetings, and six of these took place in the project-grants group. Most of the employees in this group have similar work tasks. These consist of handling applications for subsidies (about 100/year) for various kinds of activities seen as vital for the region. The applicants are associations, municipalities, organi-zations and enterprises. Theories and Concepts A constructivist perspective on learning implies the notion that individuals construct their own knowledge about the world and themselves in a social context. Yet, we are wise to keep in mind also comments like BrandstĂ€dter's (1990): "The view that persons are the sole producers of their development is already rendered questionable by, and subject to, heteronomous influence. We decide and act within a macrosystem of norms and institutions which is largely pre-given, even though it may be open to criticism and change in many respects" (p 83). It is the theories of Piaget (cf 1929, 1962, 1963, 1971) that form the basis for a constructivist perspective on learning. The individual is constantly, and at the same time consciously and unconsciously, engaged in creating his or her personal cognitive structures. It is these cognitive structures and the way in which they are constructed that make up the thinking. The thinking in its turn is what makes learning and development possible. We understand things differently. HalldĂ©n (1982) and Wistedt (1993), in their research of the teaching context, both hold that it is the different ways different students contextualize things, the different ways of understanding a task, that is decisive for the way in which they choose to solve the task. There is, according to these researchers, no reason to fail a student simply because he or she hasn't used the methods the teacher saw as relevant for the task's solution. This is not a matter of insufficient (subject) knowledge, but a matter of varying interpretations with regard to the purpose of the assignment and the situation as a whole. Other researchers, like Kegan (1982) and Basseches (1984), have further developed Piaget's theories as well as Kohlberg's (1971, 1976) theories on moral development. Bearing this theoretical basis in mind, I'd hold that it is impossible to rank an individual's developmental level or stage. These stages or levels could, however, serve as a support for a discussion and a construction of a mutually understood social moral : a way to act towards each other within the frame of the discourse. Work Procedure and Method The formation and analysis of data could be depicted as an undulation. The movement starts in an effort to understand, frame and denominate the context : the participants' critical examination of a given work procedure : continues with the single individual's activities : under-stood and labelled as individual goals or intentions as interpreted by me : to move back again to the overall context by following the play and interplay of various individual intentions at different stops I've identified during the talk. In short we move from the context, via the individual intentions, to the discourse content, i e the stops. This undulation could also portray the thesis' ambition to swing to and fro between the less obvious meaning context and the larger surrounding context. In the study I interpret and analyze the meaning of the participants' remarks. The purpose is to reach a reasonable understanding of what is being said and on the basis thereof suggest a meaning of what the participants say to each other by connecting on to the situation in which the conversation is being conducted. HalldĂ©n (1982) has de-scribed this as follows: "We understand an action when we see that under the given precondi-tions, it was rational to act the way the agent did, that he had good reasons for his actions" (p 51, my translation). The intentional interpretation (von Wright 1971, Jansson 1975, HalldĂ©n 1982, Wistedt 1987, Scheja 1998) in this thesis is concerned with what the participants say to each other. It is vital that the reader understands and remembers that this has nothing to do with interpre-ting or evaluating single individuals. It is simply the meaning of what was said there and then that is of interest. What guided the collection of data was my relationship to the parti-cipants, i e that I returned to the group and got their reactions to my understanding of various events in the meetings. I went home with my recordings from one meeting and returned with a number of questions that searched for answers at the next meeting. In this process of re-currence and feedback, both regarding my knowledge of the context and the group's communication, and the meaning content of the parti-cipants' discourses, a learning was established, not only for me, but for and in the group. The pedagogic element of this process could be summarized with the aid of Piaget (1963), Kegan (1982) and Molan-der (1993). It concerns a process that comprises a decentering : a kind of balance between the subject and the object which takes its starting point in an estrangement of what is familiar. All in all 18 discourse episodes, from five meetings, have been worked at and more closely analyzed. I have not chosen courses of events. Instead I have chosen episodes in the quiet dynamic of the talk which illustrate the development that took place during the talk. I have availed myself of the concept "thick description", coined by Gilbert Ryle (1973, 1991), and later used by among others Geertz (1991), as a handrail when I've tried to formulate my observations and how I've arrived to them. In this thick description I could see a connected whole : the participants took part in a process of (critical) examination. Starting in their individual experiences of the recently implemented organizational change, they set out to form a common social moral, i e a proper way to relate to each other within the project-grants group. Results and Discussion Ten participants' attributed intentions have been categorized in the following three aims and directions: the personal, directed towards one's own self; the relations directed, and the institutionally directed. These three categories come into play at five stops, regarding techni-cal solutions, legitimacy and identity, confidence, trust and respect, knowledge exchange and learning, and to have one's say. The ten participants' individual intentions seem to contain an overall agreement on two turning places: coordination and skills upgrading. The ten participants' intentions represent different contextualizations, ways of understanding. They are the result of an individually constructed meaning and content within the framework of one and the same meaning context. It is in the gaps between different contextualizations that a space for learning is created. The individual intentions influence each other just because they are different. In the interplay between these intentions, the possibility of decentering is created. It is when the participants interpret each other's lines as a way of expressing their understanding : talking in accordance with their own understanding (Piaget 1963), as opposed to arguing for a particu-lar solution or for a correct way of looking at things : that a breeding-ground for cognitive as well as social decentering is established. Learning understood as both a cognitive and a social process of decentering, is essential here. The participants' intentions interplay to create a social moral well-known to all the group members. This be-comes a common way of relating to each other in the work meeting. The headings of the stops where the interplay takes place, are the five foundations of this social moral. It is reasonable to suggest that these five foundations could be generalized to other work places, work groups and situations. But, to quote Gustavsen (1985, 1989), it is those affected that have to label and define the foundations upon which their respective work method ought to rest.Verksamheten och arbetsorganisationen pĂ„ olika nivĂ„er inom statsförvaltningen förĂ€ndras. Initiativtagare till förĂ€ndringarna har varit statsmakterna och ibland parterna centralt inom statsförvaltningen eller lokalt inom myndigheten. De senaste tio : femton Ă„rens förĂ€ndringar kan ses som en resa mellan ett gammalt och ett nytt styrande paradigm. En resa mellan olika organisatoriska lösningar. FrĂ„n de lösningar som Ă€r byggda pĂ„ förĂ„ldrade förestĂ€llningar och organisatoriska ideal till de nya former av lösningar grundade pĂ„ senare Ă„rs erfarenheter och förestĂ€llningar om verksamheten och samhĂ€llet i stort. Resan blir den styrande ramen, utgör den yttre kontextuella förutsĂ€ttningen, som omger de tio anstĂ€lldas prövning av ett gammalt givet och ett nytt arbetssĂ€tt. Denna prövning Ă€ger rum i de samtal som nĂ„gra medarbetare vid en statlig myndighet och jag tillsammans förde under hösten 1992. Om samtal i arbetet Vi Ă€r mĂ„nga som i vĂ„r yrkesverksamhet gĂ„r pĂ„ möten. Mötesverksamheten inom en arbetsplats Ă€r en del av organisationsstrukturen. Möten finns dĂ€r som informationstillfĂ€llen, samordnande faktor eller som faktiska besluts- och diskussionssammanhang. Men som Bormann (1983) uttrycker det: "Much of what happens in organizations to individuals, formal units, and informal groups is chaotic. As members go about their business communicating to set and achieve goals, organize themselves into cohesive units, and establish social ties or group identities, they often find theire here-and-now experiences confusing" (op.cit, s 105). Visst förs ocksĂ„ samtal som ger förutsĂ€ttningar för lĂ€rande och utveckling för sĂ„vĂ€l individen som verksamheten och organisationen. Ett spontant oplanerat lĂ€rande som en biprodukt medan vi sysslar med annat. Det sker ett lĂ€rande mellan mĂ€nniskor. Vi utgör i varierande omfattning varandras meningssammanhang. En arbetsgrupp, en familj, en kamratkrets bestĂ„r av individer som har gemensamma, privata och tillgĂ€ngliga meningsstrukturer (Dixon, 1994). Den specifika utgĂ„ngspunkten för studien Ă€r de samtal om arbetsmötena mellan tio medarbetare vid en statlig myndighet och mig under hösten 1992. Varje ordinarie arbetsmöte avslutades med upp till en timmes eftersamtal om hur mötena gestaltat sig och hur deltagarna uppfattade kommunikationen mellan sig. Min forskningsfrĂ„ga lyder: Hur kan lĂ€randet mellan deltagare i verksamhetsanknutna samtal förstĂ„s och begripliggöras? Studien Utrustad med bandspelare deltog jag i och spelade in projektbidragsgruppens arbetsmöten och vĂ„ra efterföljande samtal. TrĂ€ffarna med gruppen Ă€gde rum varannan fredag. Syftet var alltsĂ„ att studera det spontana, oplanerade lĂ€randet inom ramen för verksamhetsanknuten mötesverksamhet. Vilket jag ocksĂ„ berĂ€ttade för deltagarna i förberedelserna för studien. Deltagarna Ă„ sin sida formulerade och uttalade ett gemensamt intresse av att förbĂ€ttra kommunikationen i sina möten. Tillsammans med frĂ€mst enhetschefen beslutades att handlĂ€ggarna, under den tid studien pĂ„gick, skulle presentera sina respektive ansvarsomrĂ„den. Under tiden för studien hanterades presentationer av utbildningsprojekt, kvinnoprojekt, kulturprojekt och projekt riktade mot sĂ€rskilda kommuner i regionen. Under studien deltog jag i sammanlagt sju trĂ€ffar varav sex med projektbidragsgruppen. De flesta handlĂ€ggarna i gruppen har likvĂ€rdiga uppgifter. Arbetsuppgifterna bestĂ„r i att bereda ansökningar (ca 100 per Ă„r) om bidrag till olika former av för regionen betydelsefulla aktiviteter. Sökande kan vara föreningar, kommuner, organisationer och företag. Teorier och begrepp Ett konstruktivistiskt perspektiv pĂ„ lĂ€rande omfattar idĂ©n att varje individ sjĂ€lv konstruerar sitt kunnande om vĂ€rlden och sig sjĂ€lv i ett samspel med omgivningen. Även om det finns anledning att göra kommentarer som t ex denna av BrandtstĂ€dter (1990). "The view that persons are the sole producers of their development is already rendered questionable by, and subject to, heteronomous influence. We decide and act within a macrosystem of norms and institutions which is largely pregiven, even though it may be open to criticism and change in many respects" (s 83). Det Ă€r Piagets (bl a 1929, 1962, 1963, 1971) utvecklingspsykologiska teorier som Ă€r utgĂ„ngspunkten för ett konstruktivisktiskt synsĂ€tt pĂ„ lĂ€rande. Individen Ă€r fortlöpande bĂ„de medvetet och omdevetet engagerad i att skapa sina personliga kognitiva strukturer. Det Ă€r de kognitiva strukturerna och konstruktionen av dessa som utgör sjĂ€lva tĂ€nkandet. Vilket i sin tur gör individens utveckling och lĂ€rande möjligt. Vi förstĂ„r samma sak pĂ„ olika sĂ€tt. HalldĂ©n (1982) och Wistedt (1993) konstaterar i sin forskning om undervisningssammanhang att det Ă€r elevers olika kontextualiseringar, olika sĂ€tt att ha förstĂ„tt, som Ă€r avgörandet för det sĂ€tt pĂ„ vilket eleven arbetar sig fram till lösningar. Det finns menar forskarna, av den anledningen, inte fog att underkĂ€nna elevers anstrĂ€ngningar att lösa en uppgift enbart för att den inte lösts med de metoder lĂ€raren sett framför sig. Det handlar inte om bristande Ă€mneskunskaper utan om varierande tolkningar om uppgiftens syfte och situation i stort. Andra forskare som Kegan (1982) och Basseches (1984) har byggt vidare dels pĂ„ Piagets utvecklingsteorier och dels pĂ„ Kohlbergs (1971, 1976) teorier om moralisk utveckling. Dessa teorier utgör ett stöd för en kategorisering av de mĂ„lsĂ€ttningar som tillskrivs deltagarna i denna studie, och hur de via dessa skapar en en för arbetsgruppen gemensamt kĂ€nd social moral : ett sĂ€tt att förhĂ„lla sig till varandra inom ramen för samtal. ArbetssĂ€tt och metod Analys och databildningsarbete kan liknas vid en vĂ„grörelse. Rörelsen börjar i att försöka förstĂ„, rama in och namnge sjĂ€lva sammanhanget dvs, deltagarnas kritiska prövning av ett givet arbetssĂ€tt. Arbetet leder vidare till den enskilde deltagarens aktivitet. DĂ„ jag tillskriver varje enskild deltagare en mĂ„lsĂ€ttning. Efter det knyter jag Ă„ter till helheten genom att följa hur de individuella mĂ„lsĂ€ttningarna spelar och samspelar vid de hĂ„llplatser i samtalen, som jag identifierat. Miljön/ sammanhanget : individuella mĂ„lsĂ€ttningar : hĂ„llplatserna. Denna vĂ„grörelse kan ocksĂ„ stĂ„ för avhandlingens ambition att pendla mellan det mindre, omedelbara meningssammanhanget och det större, omgivande sammanhanget. I studien tolkas och analyseras innebörder i deltagarnas yttranden. Syftet Ă€r att nĂ„ fram till en rimlig förstĂ„else av vad som sĂ€gs och pĂ„ grundval av denna föreslĂ„ innebörder i det deltagarna sĂ€ger till varandra genom att knyta an till den situation under vilken deltagarna pratar. HalldĂ©n (1982) har beskrivit detta: "Man förstĂ„r en handling dĂ„ man ser att det under givna förutsĂ€ttningar var rationellt att handla som agenten gjorde, att han hade goda grunder för sin handling" (s 51) Att göra en intentionell tolkning som flera författare beskrivit (von Wright. 1971, Janson, 1975, HalldĂ©n, 1982, Wistedt, 1987, Scheja, 1998) innebĂ€r att tolka innebörderna i vad samtalsdeltagare sĂ€ger till varandra. Det Ă€r viktigt för lĂ€saren av min avhandling att förstĂ„ och kommer ihĂ„g att avsikten inte Ă€r att tolka eller vĂ€rdera enskilda individer. Det Ă€r innebörderna i det som individerna sade dĂ€r och dĂ„ som Ă€r av intresse. Det som styrde datainsamlingen var förhĂ„llandet till deltagarna dvs att jag Ă„tervĂ€nde till gruppen och fick reaktioner pĂ„ min förstĂ„else av olika skeenden under trĂ€ffarna. Det hela gick ut pĂ„ att Ă„ka hem med bandupptagningarna frĂ„n ett möte och Ă„tervĂ€nda med frĂ„gor och undringar som sökte svar vid nĂ€sta trĂ€ff. I denna process av Ă„terkommande och Ă„terkoppling, bĂ„de med avseende pĂ„ min kunskap om sammanhanget och gruppens kommunikation samt innebörderna i deltagarnas prat, skapades ett lĂ€rande inte bara för mig utan Ă€ven för och i, samt om gruppen. Det pedagogiska momentet i denna process kan sammanfattas med stöd i Piaget (1963), Kegan (1982), och Molander (1993). Det handlar om en process bestĂ„ende av decentrering : ett slags balans mellan subjekt : objekt vilka bĂ„da tar sin början i att frĂ€mmandegöra det bekanta. Sammanlagt 18 samtalsepisoder frĂ„n i huvudsak fem trĂ€ffar Ă€r nĂ€rmare bearbetade och analyserade. Jag har inte valt skeenden. Jag har ur samtalens stillsamma dynamik valt ut de episoder som sĂ€rskilt vĂ€l illustrerar de skeenden som Ă€gde rum under samtalen. Jag har haft det av Gilbert Ryle (1973, 1991) myntade och av bl a Geertz (1991) anvĂ€nda begreppet, "tjock beskrivning" som ledstĂ„ng nĂ€r jag sökt formulera mina iakttagelser och hur jag gjort dem. I denna tjocka beskrivning framtrĂ€dde ett tydligt sammanhang- deltagarna genomförde en prövningsprocess. De tog avstamp i sina individuella erfarenheter av den tidigare genomförda organisationsförĂ€ndringen för att gestalta en gemensam social moral, dvs ett sĂ€tt pĂ„ vilket de i arbetet inom projektbidragsgruppen skulle förhĂ„lla sig till varandra. Diskussion och slutsatser Tio deltagares tillskrivna mĂ„lsĂ€ttningar kategoriseras i följande tre riktadheter: de personliga, mot det egna jaget riktade, mĂ„lsĂ€ttningarna, de relationsriktade mĂ„lsĂ€ttningarna samt de institutionellt riktade mĂ„lsĂ€ttningarna. Dessa tre kategorier av mĂ„lsĂ€ttningar kommer i spel vid fem hĂ„llplatser: tekniska lösningar, om legitimitet och identitet, om förtroende, tillit och respekt, om kunskapsutbyte och lĂ€rande samt om att komma till tals. De tio deltagarnas individuella mĂ„lsĂ€ttningar tycks innehĂ„lla en övergripande enighet om de tvĂ„ vĂ€ndhĂ„llplatserna: samordning och kompetenshöjning. Deltagarnas mĂ„lsĂ€ttningar representerar olika kontextualiseringar, sĂ€tt att ha förstĂ„tt. De Ă€r resultatet av ett individuellt konstruerande av mening och innebörd inom ramen för ett och samma meningssammanhang. Det Ă€r mellan kontextualiseringarna som utrymme för lĂ€rande uppstĂ„r. De individuella mĂ„lsĂ€ttningarna pĂ„verkar varandra just för att de Ă€r olika. I spelet mellan mĂ„lsĂ€ttningarna uppstĂ„r möjligheterna att decentrera. Det Ă€r nĂ€r deltagarna tolkar varandras repliker som ett sĂ€tt att ge uttryck för hur de förstĂ„tt : de talar enligt sin förstĂ„else (Piaget, 1963), till skillnad mot att argumentera för e

    Ethics in an individualized field of practice – Social pedagogy in the context of the neoliberal organization

    No full text
    Writing from a Danish social pedagogical perspective, the author raises concerns about the difficulty of developing and integrating ethical reflection within the organization in the context of neoliberalism. While ethical reflection in social pedagogy tends to focus on the relationship between practitioner and client, or the relationship between the profession and the general public, this article wishes to focus on how ethical reflection develops in the workplace on an everyday basis. The reason for this focus is that the culture and language of the workplace can have major consequences for how practitioners interpret their roles and how they interpret the official ethical code. Although this article addresses the problem from a Danish context, the author argues that the struggle to develop ethical reflection within the organization is a general concern in most professions in contemporary society. What makes this problem controversial within the Danish social pedagogical context is that the profession has a long tradition of working qualitatively with relationship-based-practices. In the neoliberal organization, mercantile logic undermines the ethical logic of relationship-based practices. This is due to the former’s emphasis on effectivity and the latter’s emphasis on responsibility. This article is a critique of what the author sees as the neoliberal organization’s inability to tackle this conflict of values. Furthermore, this article problematizes the ‘abstract individuality’ that neoliberal organizations produce, highlighting the fact that such individuality is inconsistent with responsibility. Finally, the author argues that, by reinterpreting the concept of reflective practice, the organization may develop a more concrete individuality that is more consistent with responsibility

    AnalogprÀparate

    No full text
    corecore