The Russian Army and the Eastern Question, 1821-34.

This dissertation consists of a study of the role of the Russian army in Russo-Turkish relations from the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence to the conclusion of the Mohammed Ali crisis. It focuses primarily on the activities of the Russian Second Army - a force quartered in the southern regions of the Russia and designated to conduct military operations against the Ottoman Empire in Europe. Under the leadership of General P. D. Kiselev, the General Staff of this army conducted a thorough research of previous Russo-Turkish wars (1711-1812) and integrated the lessons of these campaigns into a new strategic and tactical doctrine. Ultimately, this research was to result in the formulation of an innovative new Turkish war plan which proposed that the Russian army, for the first time in its history, cross the Balkan mountain range and march on Constantinople. These issues are examined in the context of the development of Russian military thought and from the wider perspective of their impact on Russia's foreign policy in the East. The dissertation then examines the conduct of the 1828-29 Russo-Turkish war (in both the Balkan and Caucasian theatres) with particular attention to the reasons behind the failure of the 1828 Balkan campaign and the Russian army's organisation and use of Balkan partisans 1828-29. Following the conclusion of the war in September 1829, peace negotiations are discussed with emphasis on the role military figures played in the negotiation of the Treaty of Adrianople. One of the key terms of the treaty was the Sultan's agreement to the prolonged Russian occupation of the Danubian Principalities. This occupation (1829-34) is examined with reference to the important reforms introduced by Kiselev, which aimed at transforming the province into a Russian protectorate. Finally, the work outlines Russia's military preparations and planning during the Mohammed Ali crisis of 1832-33. This dissertation is based on archival research conducted in the Russian State Military-History Archive (RGVIA) (Moscow), the Russian State History Archive (RGIA) (St Petersburg) and the Public Record Office (Kew, London)

Chemical and biological profiles of essential oil from different parts of Myrtus communis L. subsp. communis from Turkey

The present study reports chemical composition, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of essential oils from leaves and twigs of Myrtus communis L. subsp. communis from Turkey. Essential oils were obtained separately from leaves and twigs of Myrtus communis subsp. communis (MC) by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus. Chemical compositions were determined using GC/MS. Antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of essential oils were tested by α-amylase inhibitory, 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory and DPPH/ABTS radical scavenging methods, respectively. The major compounds of essential oil of Myrtus communis subsp. communis leaves (MCLEO) were α-pinene (35.6%), 1,8-cineole (28.3%), linalool (10.5%), and limonene (8.2%), while the major constituents of essential oil of Myrtus communis subsp. communis twigs (MCTEO) were α-pinene (30.7%), 1,8-cineole (23.5%), p-cymene (13.3%) and limonene (11.9%). MCLEO and MCTEO showed good and moderate radical scavenging activity with IC50  values of 124.40 µg/mL and 390.10 µg/mL for ABTS radical, respectively. MCLEO and MCTEO exhibited significant radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 34.13 µg/mL and 28.15 µg/mL for DPPH radical, respectively. Also, MCLEO and MCTEO displayed strong and good antidiabetic activity with IC50 values of 29.94 µg/mL and 159.80 µg/mL against α-amylase enzyme, respectively. Finally, MCLEO and MCTEO showed good anti-inflammatory activity with IC50 values 86.10 µg/ mL and 96.55 µg/mL against 5-lipoxygenase enzyme, respectively. From the present study it can be concluded that essential oils, especially MCLEO, possess good antidiabetic, anti- inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Also, this is the first study on chemical composition of MCTEO from Turkey, as well as on α-amylase inhibitory and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory activities of MCLEO and MCTEO

The Russian army and the Eastern Question, 1831-34

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:DXN051349 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Pengembangan Media Pocket Book Guna Melatih Keterampilan Menulis Huruf Tegak Bersambung 2 SD

Writing ability is the ability to convey messages to others in writing, but there are still many problems with writing skills, one of which is writing cursive letters. The problems that occur are, some students still have difficulty in arranging and connecting concatenated letters, some students have difficulty arranging loose letters, and some students are tired of writing too many cursive letters. This study aims to provide education for children in writing cursive letters through the development of Pocket Book media. This study uses the R&D (Research and Development) research method and uses the ADDIE development model. There are 5 Development Processes that have been implemented in this research, namely: 1) Analysis, 2) Design, 3) Development, 4) Implementation, 5) Evaluation. The Pocket Book media assessment was carried out by media, material, educator responses and student responses for grade 2 SDN Ceweng Jombang. The results of Pocket Book media development research show that the percentage obtained from media expert validators is 88.24% with a very valid and appropriate category for use, material expert validators are 85.29% in a very valid and suitable category for use. Furthermore, the results of trials or educators are 92% with a suitable category for use. The results of field trials with 17 students with a percentage of 91% with a very interesting category. Based on the results of the analysis, Pocket Book media is feasible to be used as a learning mediumKemampuan menulis merupakan kemampuan untuk menyampaikan pesan kepada orang lain secara tertulis, namun masih banyak terjadi permasalahan pada kemampuan menulis salah satunya adalah menulis huruf tegak bersambung. Permasalahan yang terjadi yaitu, beberapa siswa masih kesulitan dalam menyusun dan menghubungkan huruf sambung, beberapa siswa mengalami kesulitan menyusun huruf lepas, dan beberapa siswa bosan menulis terlalu banyak huruf tegak bersambung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk pemberian edukasi anak dalam menulis huruf tegak bersambung melalui pengembangan media  Pocket Book. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian R&D (Research and Development) dan menggunakan model pengembangan ADDIE. Ada 5 Proses Pengembangan yang sudah dilaksanakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu : 1) Analisis, 2) Design, 3) Development, 4) Implementasi, 5) Evaluasi. Penilaian media Pocket Book dilakukan oleh ahli media, materi, respon pendidik dan respon siswa kelas 2 SDN Ceweng Jombang. Hasil penelitian pengembangan media Pocket Book menunjukkan bahwa presentase yang diperoleh dari validator ahli media yaitu 88,24% dengan kategori sangat valid dan layak digunakan, validator ahli materi yaitu 85,29% dengan kategori sangat valid dan layak digunakan. Selanjutnya hasil uji coba atau pendidik yaitu 92% dengan kategori layak digunakan. Hasil uji coba lapangan dengan 17 siswa dengan presentase 91% dengan kategori sangat menarik.  Berdasarkan hasil analisis media Pocket Book layak digunakan sebagai media pembelajara

Morphological Variability in Amphiroa, Corallina and Jania (Rhodophyta — Corallinaceae) from Greece

The morphological variability of the geniculate coralline algae Amphiroa beauvoisii Lamouroux, A. rigida Lamouroux, Corallina elongata Ellis et Solander, C. officinalis L., Jania adhaerens Lamouroux, and J. rubens (L.) Lamouroux from the gulfs of Evoikos, Korinthiakos and Saronikos (Greece) was investigated. External microscopic characters as seen with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) are illustrated: in particular, the organization of intergenicular surfaces; differentiation and superficial aspects of conceptacles (when available); and quantitative characters such as epithallial concavity diameter and variation in the thickness of calcification were examined. The observed data provide parameters for previously ill-defined Greek geniculate coralline algae and the results are compared with data from other areas. In general Greek species are found to have smaller dimensions in the majority of the characters analyzed, being at the lower limits of the variability of the type specimens or plants from elsewhere; similar observations have been published on Greek microalgal flora and this aspect requires further investigation. Copyright © 1990 Walter de Gruyte