Contributors to negative biopsychosocial health or performance outcomes in rugby players (CoNBO): a systematic review and Delphi study protocol.

The importance of contributors that can result in negative player outcomes in sport and the feasibility and barriers to modifying these to optimise player health and well-being have yet to be established. Within rugby codes (rugby league, rugby union and rugby sevens), within male and female cohorts across playing levels (full-time senior, part-time senior, age grade), this project aims to develop a consensus on contributors to negative biopsychosocial outcomes in rugby players (known as the CoNBO study) and establish stakeholder perceived importance of the identified contributors and barriers to their management. This project will consist of three parts; part 1: a systematic review, part 2: a three-round expert Delphi study and part 3: stakeholder rating of feasibility and barriers to management. Within part 1, systematic searches of electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL) will be performed. The systematic review protocol is registered with PROSPERO. Studies will be searched to identify physical, psychological and/or social factors resulting in negative player outcomes in rugby. Part 2 will consist of a three-round expert Delphi consensus study to establish additional physical, psychological and/or social factors that result in negative player outcomes in rugby and their importance. In part 3, stakeholders (eg, coaches, chief executive officers and players) will provide perceptions of the feasibility and barriers to modifying the identified factors within their setting. On completion, several manuscripts will be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals. The findings of this project have worldwide relevance for stakeholders in the rugby codes. PROSPERO registration number CRD42022346751

The influence of precipitates on the texture and formability of high purity iron-based alloy sheet.

A study has been made of the influence of titanium carbide and boron nitride precipitates on the texture and formability of high purity iron-based alloy sheet. Four Fe-Ti-C alloys with the following compositions were investigated: Fe - 0. 011% Ti - 0.004% C, Fe - 0.09% Ti - 0.018%C, Fe - 0.47% Ti - 0.09% C and Fe - 0.48% Ti - 0.011%C. The ratio of titanium to carbon in the first three alloys was approximately 4:1, the stoichiometric ratio for the formation of titanium carbide. The latter alloy was used to study the effect of excess titanium in solution. An Fe - 0.01%B - 0.015%N alloy was also studied to investigate the effect of boron nitride on texture and formability. The alloys were hot rolled and given various heat treatments to produce a range of precipitate dispersions. The materials were then cold rolled 85% and annealed, using a heating rate of 50°C/hour. Plastic strain ratio (R) and mechanical property measurements were made on the annealed sheet at 0°, 45° and 90° to the rolling direction, using a uniaxial tensile test. The Erichsen test was used to assess stretch-formability, and inverse pole figure data were determined on selected specimens. The presence of titanium carbide precipitates usually led to a small improvement in the average plastic strain rate (R) of each of the Fe-Ti-C alloys after recrystallisation. The presence of titanium in solution resulted in a further small increase in R in the recrystallised condition. Grain growth after primary recrystallisation led to increases in R in both high purity iron and the Fe-Ti-C alloys. The greatest rates of increase in R with grain growth were exhibited by those materials with the highest values of R in the just recrystallised condition, and an R value of 2. 4 was obtained on the Fe - 0.48% Ti - 0.011% C alloy after annealing at 830°C. The coarse boron nitride precipitates in the Fe-B-N alloy had little effect on R. High R values were favoured by the presence of {222}, {332} and {211} orientations and by the absence of {200}, {310} and {420} orientations. The results indicated that the recrystallisation textures developed by a combined oriented nucleation and growth mechanism. The Erichsen values exhibited by the Fe-Ti-C alloys were generally higher than those for high purity iron, while those for the Fe-B-N alloy were very low. The correlation between Erichsen value and mechanical properties was quite poor

The influence of precipitates on the texture and formability of high purity iron-based alloy sheet.

A study has been made of the influence of titanium carbide and boron nitride precipitates on the texture and formability of high purity iron-based alloy sheet. Four Fe-Ti-C alloys with the following compositions were investigated: Fe - 0. 011% Ti - 0.004% C, Fe - 0.09% Ti - 0.018%C, Fe - 0.47% Ti - 0.09% C and Fe - 0.48% Ti - 0.011%C. The ratio of titanium to carbon in the first three alloys was approximately 4:1, the stoichiometric ratio for the formation of titanium carbide. The latter alloy was used to study the effect of excess titanium in solution. An Fe - 0.01%B - 0.015%N alloy was also studied to investigate the effect of boron nitride on texture and formability. The alloys were hot rolled and given various heat treatments to produce a range of precipitate dispersions. The materials were then cold rolled 85% and annealed, using a heating rate of 50°C/hour. Plastic strain ratio (R) and mechanical property measurements were made on the annealed sheet at 0°, 45° and 90° to the rolling direction, using a uniaxial tensile test. The Erichsen test was used to assess stretch-formability, and inverse pole figure data were determined on selected specimens. The presence of titanium carbide precipitates usually led to a small improvement in the average plastic strain rate (R) of each of the Fe-Ti-C alloys after recrystallisation. The presence of titanium in solution resulted in a further small increase in R in the recrystallised condition. Grain growth after primary recrystallisation led to increases in R in both high purity iron and the Fe-Ti-C alloys. The greatest rates of increase in R with grain growth were exhibited by those materials with the highest values of R in the just recrystallised condition, and an R value of 2. 4 was obtained on the Fe - 0.48% Ti - 0.011% C alloy after annealing at 830°C. The coarse boron nitride precipitates in the Fe-B-N alloy had little effect on R. High R values were favoured by the presence of {222}, {332} and {211} orientations and by the absence of {200}, {310} and {420} orientations. The results indicated that the recrystallisation textures developed by a combined oriented nucleation and growth mechanism. The Erichsen values exhibited by the Fe-Ti-C alloys were generally higher than those for high purity iron, while those for the Fe-B-N alloy were very low. The correlation between Erichsen value and mechanical properties was quite poor