127 research outputs found
A Real-Time Solver For Time-Optimal Control Of Omnidirectional Robots with Bounded Acceleration
We are interested in the problem of time-optimal control of omnidirectional
robots with bounded acceleration (TOC-ORBA). While there exist approximate
solutions for such robots, and exact solutions with unbounded acceleration,
exact solvers to the TOC-ORBA problem have remained elusive until now. In this
paper, we present a real-time solver for true time-optimal control of
omnidirectional robots with bounded acceleration. We first derive the general
parameterized form of the solution to the TOC-ORBA problem by application of
Pontryagin's maximum principle. We then frame the boundary value problem of
TOC-ORBA as an optimization problem over the parametrized control space. To
overcome local minima and poor initial guesses to the optimization problem, we
introduce a two-stage optimal control solver (TSOCS): The first stage computes
an upper bound to the total time for the TOC-ORBA problem and holds the time
constant while optimizing the parameters of the trajectory to approach the
boundary value conditions. The second stage uses the parameters found by the
first stage, and relaxes the constraint on the total time to solve for the
parameters of the complete TOC-ORBA problem. We further implement TSOCS as a
closed loop controller to overcome actuation errors on real robots in
real-time. We empirically demonstrate the effectiveness of TSOCS in simulation
and on real robots, showing that 1) it runs in real time, generating solutions
in less than 0.5ms on average; 2) it generates faster trajectories compared to
an approximate solver; and 3) it is able to solve TOC-ORBA problems with
non-zero final velocities that were previously unsolvable in real-time
Role of Celebrity Image-Congruence in Predicting Travel Behaviour Intention
The objective of this research was to investigate how the perceived image congruence of the traveller influences the relationship between celebrity endorser attributes and travel behaviour intentions in the tourism context. 310 respondents were surveyed using online convenient sampling in India. Hypotheses were tested using structured equation modelling. The results suggest that endorser celebrity traits of physical attractiveness, trustworthiness, and expertise positively impact a tourist’s intention to revisit or recommend the endorsed destination. Additionally, greater image congruence between the celebrity endorser and the endorsed destination is likely to result in higher intention of the traveller to visit the destination. The study contributes to the existing body of academic literature by demonstrating the combined influence of celebrity characteristics and image congruence on the travel intentions of a tourist. This research benefits the practitioners by suggesting that destinations should focus on carving a messaging strategy focusing on how the destination image is consistent with how the targeted traveller perceives himself or herself with the messaging source being a celebrity who is either physically attractive, trustworthy or a travel expert
SOCIALGYM: A Framework for Benchmarking Social Robot Navigation
Robots moving safely and in a socially compliant manner in dynamic human
environments is an essential benchmark for long-term robot autonomy. However,
it is not feasible to learn and benchmark social navigation behaviors entirely
in the real world, as learning is data-intensive, and it is challenging to make
safety guarantees during training. Therefore, simulation-based benchmarks that
provide abstractions for social navigation are required. A framework for these
benchmarks would need to support a wide variety of learning approaches, be
extensible to the broad range of social navigation scenarios, and abstract away
the perception problem to focus on social navigation explicitly. While there
have been many proposed solutions, including high fidelity 3D simulators and
grid world approximations, no existing solution satisfies all of the
aforementioned properties for learning and evaluating social navigation
behaviors. In this work, we propose SOCIALGYM, a lightweight 2D simulation
environment for robot social navigation designed with extensibility in mind,
and a benchmark scenario built on SOCIALGYM. Further, we present benchmark
results that compare and contrast human-engineered and model-based learning
approaches to a suite of off-the-shelf Learning from Demonstration (LfD) and
Reinforcement Learning (RL) approaches applied to social robot navigation.
These results demonstrate the data efficiency, task performance, social
compliance, and environment transfer capabilities for each of the policies
evaluated to provide a solid grounding for future social navigation research.Comment: Published in IROS202
Introspective Perception for Mobile Robots
Perception algorithms that provide estimates of their uncertainty are crucial
to the development of autonomous robots that can operate in challenging and
uncontrolled environments. Such perception algorithms provide the means for
having risk-aware robots that reason about the probability of successfully
completing a task when planning. There exist perception algorithms that come
with models of their uncertainty; however, these models are often developed
with assumptions, such as perfect data associations, that do not hold in the
real world. Hence the resultant estimated uncertainty is a weak lower bound. To
tackle this problem we present introspective perception - a novel approach for
predicting accurate estimates of the uncertainty of perception algorithms
deployed on mobile robots. By exploiting sensing redundancy and consistency
constraints naturally present in the data collected by a mobile robot,
introspective perception learns an empirical model of the error distribution of
perception algorithms in the deployment environment and in an autonomously
supervised manner. In this paper, we present the general theory of
introspective perception and demonstrate successful implementations for two
different perception tasks. We provide empirical results on challenging
real-robot data for introspective stereo depth estimation and introspective
visual simultaneous localization and mapping and show that they learn to
predict their uncertainty with high accuracy and leverage this information to
significantly reduce state estimation errors for an autonomous mobile robot
Localization and Navigation of the CoBots Over Long-term Deployments
For the last three years, we have developed and researched multiple collaborative robots, CoBots, which have been autonomously traversing our multi-floor buildings. We pursue the goal of long-term autonomy for indoor service mobile robots as the ability for them to be deployed indefinitely while they perform tasks in an evolving environment. The CoBots include several levels of autonomy, and in this paper we focus on their localization and navigation algorithms. We present the Corrective Gradient Refinement (CGR) algorithm, which refines the proposal distribution of the particle filter used for localization with sensor observations using analytically computed state space derivatives on a vector map. We also present the Fast Sampling Plane Filtering (FSPF) algorithm that extracts planar regions from depth images in real time. These planar regions are then projected onto the 2D vector map of the building, and along with the laser rangefinder observations, used with CGR for localization. For navigation, we present a hierarchical planner, which computes a topological policy using a graph representation of the environment, computes motion commands based on the topological policy, and then modifies the motion commands to side-step perceived obstacles. The continuous deployments of the CoBots over the course of one and a half years have provided us with logs of the CoBots traversing more than 130km over 1082 deployments, which we publish as a dataset consisting of more than 10 million laser scans. The logs show that although there have been continuous changes in the environment, the robots are robust to most of them, and there exist only a few locations where changes in the environment cause increased uncertainty in localization
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