Open Data for "A one-pot route to tunable sugar-derived sulfonated carbon catalysts for sustainable production of biodiesel by fatty acid esterification" by Rokhum et al. in Renewable Energy

Open Data for the full paper entitled "A one-pot route to tunable sugar-derived sulfonated carbon catalysts for sustainable production of biodiesel by fatty acid esterification" published by S.L. Rokhum et al. in Renewable Energy, 2022, 184, 908-919. In this work, synthetic data report the synthesis and regeneration/reuse of a glucose-derived sulfonated carbon catalyst for biodiesel synthesis. The following supporting data are deposited: Solid-state magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy data. Spectra were measured for 4 fresh catalyst samples (HTC3, HTC9, HTC10, HTC11) and also for D-(+)-glucose (from Fisher scientific, 99.99% purity). Separately, data were also obtained for fresh, used (5 times) catalyst HTC3 and its regenerated (re-sulfonated) derivative HTC3-R (see main manuscript for synthetic protocols). All NMR spectroscopic data were obtained using a Bruker AVANCE 400 MHz instrument equipped with a 9.4 T magnet and a 4 mm double resonance probe. Data are presented for 1H and 1H–13C cross-polarization (CP) experiments. These were performed using 10 kHz MAS, and applying 100 kHz 1H broadband SPINAL64, 4 ms CP contact time (using 75 kHz ramped 1H and 65 kHz square 13C contact pulses). A 2 s recycle delay was employed. Chemical shifts were referenced externally using the methyl signal of trimethylsilylpropanoic acid at 0.0 ppm (1H) and the methylene signal of glycine at 43.1 ppm (13C). Experiments were conducted using Bruker TopSpin 2.1 and the raw output can be processed and viewed using Bruker TopSpin, Mestrelab MNova or similar software

Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-Ones Using Acid-Functionalized Mesoporous Polymer

Synthesis and application of acid-functionalized mesoporous polymer catalyst for the synthesis of 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones via Biginelli condensation reaction under microwave irradiation is investigated. Several analytical techniques such as FT-IR, BET, TEM, SEM and EDX were employed to characterize the synthesized polymeric catalyst. High acidity (1.15 mmol g-1 ), high surface area (90.44 m2 g -1 ) and mesoporous nature of the catalyst effectively promoted the synthesis of 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones. Microwave irradiation shows higher yield (89-98 %) as compared to conventional heating (15-25 % yield) under our optimized reaction conditions such as 1:1:1.2 molar ratio of aldehyde/ethylacetoacetate/urea, catalyst loading of 6 wt.% (with respect to aldehyde), the temperature of 80 °C and microwave power of 50 W. The synthesized Biginelli products were fully characterized by 1H and 13C NMR. The reusability of the catalyst was investigated up to 5 successive cycles and it showed great stability towards the synthesis of 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones without any significant depreciation in yields

Widely Used Catalysts in Biodiesel Production: A Review

An ever-increasing energy demand and environmental problems associated with exhaustible fossil fuels have led to the search for an alternative renewable source of energy. In this context, biodiesel has attracted attention worldwide as an alternative to fossil fuel for being renewable, non-toxic, biodegradable, carbon-neutral; hence eco-friendly. Despite homogeneous catalyst has its own merits, currently, much attention has been paid to chemically synthesize heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production as it can be tuned as per specific requirement, easily recovered, thus enhance reusability. Recently, biomass-derived heterogeneous catalysts have risen to the forefront of biodiesel productions because of their sustainable, economical and eco-friendly nature. Further, nano and bifunctional catalysts have emerged as a powerful catalyst largely due to their high surface area and potential to convert free fatty acids and triglycerides to biodiesel, respectively. This review highlighted the latest synthesis routes of various types of catalysts including acidic, basic, bifunctional and nanocatalysts derived from different chemicals as well as biomass. In addition, the impacts of different methods of preparation of catalysts on the yield of biodiesel are also discussed in details.</p

Widely used catalysts in biodiesel production: a review.

An ever-increasing energy demand and environmental problems associated with exhaustible fossil fuels have led to the search for an alternative renewable source of energy. In this context, biodiesel has attracted attention worldwide as an eco-friendly alternative to fossil fuel for being renewable, non-toxic, biodegradable, and carbon-neutral. Although the homogeneous catalyst has its own merits, much attention is currently paid toward the chemical synthesis of heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production as it can be tuned as per specific requirement and easily recovered, thus enhancing reusability. Recently, biomass-derived heterogeneous catalysts have risen to the forefront of biodiesel productions because of their sustainable, economical and eco-friendly nature. Furthermore, nano and bifunctional catalysts have emerged as a powerful catalyst largely due to their high surface area, and potential to convert free fatty acids and triglycerides to biodiesel, respectively. This review highlights the latest synthesis routes of various types of catalysts (including acidic, basic, bifunctional and nanocatalysts) derived from different chemicals, as well as biomass. In addition, the impacts of different methods of preparation of catalysts on the yield of biodiesel are also discussed in details

Biosynthesis of Triangular-Shape ZnO Nanoparticles Using Tecoma Stans and Its Antimicrobial Activity

The present work reports the first green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using Tecoma stans leaf extract. The ZnO-NPs have been investigated by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Ultra Violet-Visible (UV-Vis), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Fourier Transform-Infra Red (FT-IR) analysis. XRD investigation confirms the crystalline structure of ZnO. The TEM images show triangular shape ZnO-NPs with sizes running from 15-20 nm. The XPS spectrum revealed the presence of Zn and O in the sample. Photoluminescence studies of ZnO-NPs displayed a sharp emission of blue band at 447 nm which is attributed to the defect structures in ZnO crystal. The presence of alcoholic, phenolic amide groups in the plant extracts is responsible for the formation of ZnO-NPs. The synthesized ZnO-NPs showed a very high antibacterial property against five bacterial strains such as Bacillus cereus,Acinetobacter johnsonii, Achromobacter xylosoxidans, Achromobacter spanius and Chromobacterium pseudoviolaceum, with the highest zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 24 mm being shown against Achromobacter spanius strain. Further, the synthesized nanoparticles displayed excellent activities against four fungal strains, where a highest ZOI of 30 mm was observed against Penicillium citirinum, hence proving its high efficacy as antimicrobial agents.</div

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts and their antimicrobial activities: a review of recent literature.

Synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plant extracts is one of the most simple, convenient, economical, and environmentally friendly methods that mitigate the involvement of toxic chemicals. Hence, in recent years, several eco-friendly processes for the rapid synthesis of silver nanoparticles have been reported using aqueous extracts of plant parts such as the leaf, bark, roots, etc. This review summarizes and elaborates the new findings in this research domain of the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using different plant extracts and their potential applications as antimicrobial agents covering the literature since 2015. While highlighting the recently used different plants for the synthesis of highly efficient antimicrobial green AgNPs, we aim to provide a systematic in-depth discussion on the possible influence of the phytochemicals and their concentrations in the plants extracts, extraction solvent, and extraction temperature, as well as reaction temperature, pH, reaction time, and concentration of precursor on the size, shape and stability of the produced AgNPs. Exhaustive details of the plausible mechanism of the interaction of AgNPs with the cell wall of microbes, leading to cell death, and high antimicrobial activities have also been elaborated. The shape and size-dependent antimicrobial activities of the biogenic AgNPs and the enhanced antimicrobial activities by synergetic interaction of AgNPs with known commercial antibiotic drugs have also been comprehensively detailed

Biomass waste-derived catalysts for biodiesel production: Recent advances and key challenges

Biomass-derived catalysts are being intensively studied as potential replacements for traditional chemical catalysts in the sustainable generation of biodiesel because of their unique combination of characteristics; catalytic activity, low-cost, plentiful supply and ecologically friendly and efficient manufacturing procedures. This critical review discusses the recently reported approaches that have been used (mostly since 2016) towards cost-effective and environmentally benign solid base/acid/acid-base catalysts from a range of biomass. Sources include shells, animal bones, and plants. Outlined alongside the push for optimized conversion and yield is the increasing trend for enhanced catalyst reusability and recyclability. Outstanding technical problems associated with catalyst preparation or stability, or waste generation are considered individually. The outlook for solving each of these is discussed, as is the potential of biomass-derived catalysts and the biodiesel they produce to develop the fields of fuel synthesis and energy use. Overall, this review aims to assess the viability of biomass-derived catalysts in the commercial sector and the most promising routes for transferring new technologies from the academic environment to industry

Research data supporting Green biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas oil using a carbon-based solid acid catalyst: A process optimization study

Research data supporting the full paper entitled " Green biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas oil using a carbon-based solid acid catalyst: A process optimization study" by JVL Ruatpuia et al. accepted for publication in Renewable Energy, 2023. A heterogeneous biomass-based carbonaceous solid acid catalyst (SAFACAM) whose preparation we reported in https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.12.001 was used multiple times in the production of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas oil (JCO). The following supporting data are deposited: Modified Boehm titration for the density of acid groups on SAFACAM. For –COOH/–SO3H density and total acid density, NaHCO3 and NaOH were used, respectively. –OH density was extrapolated. –SO3H density was from inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES, see below), allowing –COOH density to be extrapolated. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) used a PANalytical X’Pert Pro diffractometer (Cu Kα radiation, 2theta = 10-60°, 100 mA current and 40 kV operating voltage). Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) analysis used a Micromeritics ASAP 2010 surface area and porosity analyzer after sample degassing for 10 h and 150 °C. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) used a continuous flow of N2 with heating at 10 °C min–1. A Mettler Toledo TGA/DSC1 was used in the range 50-600 °C. ICP-OES and C, H, N elemental analyses used a Thermo Scientific iCAP 7400 ICP-OES spectrometer and an Exeter analytical CE 440 elemental analyzer (975 °C), respectively. FT-IR analysis was by Nicolet iS50 spectrometer (Thermofisher). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data were obtained using an ESCALAB Xi+ instrument equipped with a micro-focused dual-anode Al/Mg Kα source. Solid-state magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy used a Bruker AVANCE 400 MHz (9.4 T) instrument with a 4 mm double resonance probe. 1H-13C cross-polarization (CP) used 100 kHz 1H broadband SPINAL64, at 10 kHz MAS, 4 ms CP contact time (75 kHz ramped 1H, 65 kHz square 13C contact pulses), and a 2 s recycle delay. Shifts were referenced externally against the methylene 13C signal of glycine (43.1 ppm). 20 Hz exponential line broadening was applied when processing. Experiments used Bruker TopSpin 2.1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) used a JEOL JSM-7600F microscope (80 mA beam current, 20 kV accelerating voltage, 1500x magnification power). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) used a JEOL JEM2100 microscope operating in brightfield mode. Biodiesel analysis used an Agilent 7890 with a FID detector for gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS). 55–230 °C, 10 °C min−1. Detector and injector were at 300 °C and 250 °C, respectively. Biphenyl used as internal standard. A Jeol AccuTOF GCV with a mass range of 10-2000 amu and a mass resolution of 6000 was used in HRMS. 1H and 1H 13C NMR spectra were obtained on a Bruker ASCEND-600. TMS internal standard and CDCl3 solvent. Data collected at 28 °C. Biodiesel was compared to conventional American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) parameters

Utilization of Biowaste-derived Catalyst for Biodiesel Production: Process Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology and Particle Swarm Optimization Method

In this experimental and optimization study, banana (Musa acuminata) flower petals ash has been considered as an effective catalyst in the room temperature (28 °C) assisted transesterification to produce biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO). The transformation of Musa acuminata flower petals to ash catalyst has been performed by simple conventional open-air burning process. Three important parameters (catalyst concentration, methanol/oil (M/O) molar ratio and time) that play significant role in conversion of WCO to waste cooking methyl ester (WCME) were investigated. In order to maximize the conversion rate these key transesterification parameters were optimized using central composite rotatable design (CCRD) of response surface methodology (RSM). A metaheuristic algorithm popularly known as Particle swarm algorithm (PSO) has been used to observe a clear picture of the global optimum points scattered around the search domain. PSO has also been used to validate the results obtained from CCRD. The chemical composition and morphology of ash catalyst has been investigated using several analytical techniques such as X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Hammett Indicator method. It was observed that the catalyst remained active till 4th reaction cycle. The catalyst’s reusability, renewability and robust activity in the reaction makes it efficient, economic, green and industrially applicable