Nullor Based New Implementation of CDBA Using Current Feedback Operational Amplifier

163-167In this paper, a methodology based on nullors and passive elements to create equivalent circuits for existing building blocks has been presented. This methodology has been used for generating the equivalent nullor circuit for Current Differencing Buffered Amplifier (CDBA) and its implementation through AD844 ICs of Current Feedback Operational Amplifier (CFOA) has been presented. The proposed circuit is further modified by replacing the equivalent nullor sections with smaller blocks. The implemented CDBA (proposed CDBA-I) has been simulated and compared with existing topologies of CDBA to represent its proper functioning using LTSPICE. The proposed CDBA configuration offers a symmetric structure for its 2 differential inputs and offers higher bandwidth. Moreover, the configuration has been modified further to achieve low noise output terminal by the use of another CFOA (proposed CDBA-II). Both of these proposed configurations have been simulated and verified experimentally

Nullor Based New Implementation of CDBA Using Current Feedback Operational Amplifier

In this paper, a methodology based on nullors and passive elements to create equivalent circuits for existing building blocks has been presented. This methodology has been used for generating the equivalent nullor circuit for Current Differencing Buffered Amplifier (CDBA) and its implementation through AD844 ICs of Current Feedback Operational Amplifier (CFOA) has been presented. The proposed circuit is further modified by replacing the equivalent nullor sections with smaller blocks. The implemented CDBA (proposed CDBA-I) has been simulated and compared with existing topologies of CDBA to represent its proper functioning using LTSPICE. The proposed CDBA configuration offers a symmetric structure for its 2 differential inputs and offers higher bandwidth. Moreover, the configuration has been modified further to achieve low noise output terminal by the use of another CFOA (proposed CDBA-II). Both of these proposed configurations have been simulated and verified experimentally

Recent advances and viability in sustainable thermochemical conversion of sludge to bio-fuel production

Thermochemical methods are regarded as promising approach for managing sludge, that can achieve resources and energy recovery, volume reduction followed by efficient elimination of microorganisms. This review highlights an extensive description of the implementation of thermochemical technologies involving pyrolysis, gasification and hydrothermal liquefaction for valorisation of sludge into bio-fuel thus reducing the issues related to surplus generation and accumulation of sludge in environment affecting human health followed by rapid depletion of energy resources. The paper addresses working mechanism of thermochemical processes, their implementation for sludge conversion to bio-fuel and common factors affecting the process efficiency. Various studies have proved possible potential of thermochemical techniques for conversion of sludge to bio-fuel obtaining a high yield of bio-fuel and syngas. However, few technical challenges are still there that requires further studies and understanding for a better commercialization on industrial-scale and subsequently the future perspectives have also been analysed. Data collected from existing studies revealed that hydrothermal liquefaction has the efficiency to be proved better than other thermochemical technologies for proper valorisation of sludge resulting in high bio-fuel yield

Numerical optimization of process parameters and quality stability of active edible coated jaggery cubes during storage

The present investigation was focused on the optimization of process parameters for edible coating and the evaluation of quality characteristics of coated jaggery cubes stored for a period of 150 days. Quality parameters were evaluated at intervals of 0, 45, 90, 120, 135, and 150 days under ambient storage conditions. A total of 17 experiments as per BBD were carried out with three independent variables, including the HDPE bag thickness (100, 150, and 200 μm), the moisture absorber (1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 g/L), and the concentration ratio of CMC and HPMC (0.8, 1.2, and 1.6 g/100 mL). The responses, i.e., moisture content, pH, hardness, overall acceptability, and yeast/mould count for coated jaggery cubes, were evaluated. The optimization was performed using design expert software (ver. 13), and optimised values for process parameters were observed as 100 μm (HDPE bag thickness), 1.5 g/L (moisture absorber), and 0.8 g/100 mL (concentration of CMC and HPMC). From the storage study results, it was observed that after 150 days of storage, the yeast/mould count (98 cfu/g) in the control sample was highest compared to the control sample (15 cfu/g). The highest overall acceptability score was observed in the case of packed coated jaggery cubes (8.5), while the least (5.5) was observed for control after 150 days of storage. It was concluded that edible coatings consisting of moisture absorbers (dimethyl fumarate and silica gel) and concentration ratios of CMC and HPMC, along with HDPE bags, could maintain the quality characteristics of jaggery cubes and enhance the shelf life up to 150 days

Development of yeast and microalgae consortium biofilm growth system for biofuel production

Background: The current study aimed to develop a laboratory-scale biofilm photobioreactor system for biofuel production. Scope & Approach: During the investigation, Jute was discovered to be the best, cheap, hairy, open-pored supporting material for biofilm formation. Microalgae & yeast consortium was used in this study for biofilm formation. Conclusion: The study identified microalgae and yeast consortium as a promising choice and ideal partners for biofilm formation with the highest biomass yield (47.63 ± 0.93 g/m2 ), biomass productivity (4.39 ± 0.29 to 7.77 ± 0.05 g/m2 /day) and lipid content (36%) over 28 days cultivation period, resulting in a more sustainable and environmentally benign fuel that could become a reality in the near future

Algal nanobionics to enhance value added products – A review

Microalgae nanobionics is a new field of study that combines nanotechnology and plant biology. Microalgae are single celled, photosynthetic organisms that live in saltwater or freshwater and convert solar energy to chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis. The site of photosynthesis in plants is the chloroplast. Chloroplast traps the sunlight and converts it into the form of energy or food for algae cells. By acting as an artificial photosynthetic system to boost photosynthetic capacity, electron transport in the photosystems, pigment content, and light absorption across the UV–visible spectrum, nanobionics has been shown to benefit plants. As a result, the current study aims to review the nanobionics approach in plants and microalgae, their uptake and integration with chloroplasts, modulation in the photosynthesis process, and their effect on high value-added compounds in microalgae. Major challenges and potential opportunities related to the utilization of nanobionics are also briefly discussed