Hepatosplenomegaly in a school-aged girl with schistosomiasis, Kambu, Makueni District, Kenya.

<p>The photograph was taken during field studies carried out in 1988. Extent of palpable organs are indicated by chalk markings. The scarification seen is from “treatment” of organomegaly administered by traditional healers. The traditional healer will make small cuts at the edge of the palpable organ. When several rows of scars are seen (as shown), this represents repeat “treatment” and therefore shows the progression of organ enlargement with time.</p

Comparison of <i>S. mansoni</i> egg counts (boxplots), liver size (solid line), and prevalence of severe, non-reversible (pattern E/F) periportal fibrosis (dashed line) by age.

<p>Data is from a randomised cohort selected from the inhabitants of Booma village on the shores of Lake Albert, Uganda. The sole criterion for selection was born in Booma or over 10 years of residence. The left liver lobe was measured in the parasternal line by ultrasound and was standardised for height by linear regression. A comparison of morbidity amongst a larger population from this village and the neighbouring one is published in detail in <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001149#pntd.0001149-Booth1" target="_blank">[24]</a>.</p

Ultrasound image of periportal fibrosis in <i>S. mansoni</i> infection.

<p>The image was taken during ultrasound examination of a study cohort from Piida village on the shores of Lake Albert, Uganda, in March 2004 and illustrates liver texture pattern C with “pipe-stems.”</p

Box and whisker plot showing the relationship between median and range of log transformed values of malaria parasite density (Log(mps/µL)) and helminth infection status (N = 1546).

<p>Pf only = <i>P. falciparum only</i>; Pf+one helminth spp = <i>P. falciparum</i> plus onehelminth specie; Pf+two/three helminth spp = <i>P. falciparum</i> plus two or three helminth species.</p

Prevalence of anaemia and mean haemoglobin levels in relation to malaria and helminth co-infections (n = 1546).

<p>Infection status: Pf = <i>P. falciparum</i>; <i>Sm = S. mansoni</i>; Sh = <i>S. haematobium</i>; Hw = Hookworms.</p

Box and whisker plot showing the relationship between median and range of log transformed values of malaria parasite density (Log(mps/µL)) and <i>S. mansoni</i> infection status (categorised as not infected, light infection and moderate to heavy infection) (N = 1546).

<p>The thick line inside each box represents the median value. The lower and upper edge of each box indicates the 25^th and 75^th percentiles, respectively. The lower and upper whiskers represent the lower and upper values (range), respectively, excluding outliers.</p