Properties of Carry Value Transformation

The notion of Carry Value Transformation (CVT) is a model of Discrete Deterministic Dynamical System. In this paper, we have studied some interesting properties of CVT and proved that (1) the addition of any two non-negative integers is same as the sum of their CVT and XOR values. (2) While performing the repeated addition of CVT and XOR of two non-negative integers "a" and "b" (where a >= b), the number of iterations required to get either CVT=0 or XOR=0 is at most the length of "a" when both are expressed as binary strings. A similar process of addition of Modified Carry Value Transformation (MCVT) and XOR requires a maximum of two iterations for MCVT to be zero. (3) An equivalence relation is defined in the set (Z x Z) which divides the CV table into disjoint equivalence classes.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures and 5 table

Review of routing and wavelength assignment problem

In today’s internet world there is a growing demand of network bandwidth. Where traditional copper fibers offer very less bandwidth, optical fibers can offer very lager bandwidth. So, there is a growing sense of using optical fibers. Optical networks generally use wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technique, which is the backbone of future generation internet. In WDM networks fibers are logically divided into non-interfering, circuit-switched communication channels. In optical network Routing and Wavelength Assignment (RWA) problem is a typical problem. This can be seen as a conjunction of two problems, one is Routing and other one is Wavelength Assignment. First one finds a route from source to destination for requested connection and the next one assigns a wavelength to this route. The nature of RWA problem is NP-complete. Hence, heuristic approaches suits well for this class of problems. RWA problem can be formulated as Integer linear programming (ILP) problem. This type of problem focuses on optimizing a single objective. Here objectives may be minimizing the number of amplifiers or maximizing the number of connections or minimizing the number of wavelength used. But our primary objective in RWA problem is to establish a loop free path which minimizes the crosstalk. To achieve this objective we are taking the help of genetic algorithm (GA). Congestion among the individual lightpath request will be the parameter for the application of genetic algorithm

A NARRATIVE REVIEW OF COMPREHENSIVE INSIGHTS INTO ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) encompasses a spectrum of myocardial ischemic conditions, including unstable angina, Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI), and ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI). Understanding the multifaceted nature of ACS is essential for effective management and improved patient outcomes. This narrative review provides a comprehensive exploration of ACS, covering various facets crucial to its comprehension. The article delves into the diverse risk factors contributing to ACS development and delve into the intricate pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie its manifestation. Additionally, it elucidate the wide-ranging clinical presentations and symptoms commonly encountered in ACS patients. A critical examination of diagnostic challenges is also undertaken, with a specific focus on cardiac biomarkers and electrocardiographic changes, addressing the complexities and variations in these key diagnostic elements. This narrative review offers an extensive overview of Acute Coronary Syndrome, shedding light on its multifactorial etiology, intricate pathophysiology, and diverse clinical presentations. By addressing diagnostic nuances related to cardiac biomarkers and electrocardiographic changes, this review contributes to a deeper understanding of the challenges in ACS diagnosis. A comprehensive grasp of ACS is essential for healthcare professionals to facilitate timely interventions and enhance patient care, ultimately leading to improved clinical outcomes

Comparative Analysis and Dynamic Response of Garolites Under Temperature Spectrum Using Low Velocity Impact Test

The purpose of this study was to examine the dynamic response of three different grades of garolites under the temperature spectrum. High-Temperature G-11 Sheet (HTG), Impact Resistance Garolite E-glass (HIG), and Economical Garolite (EG) were tested using an Instron Dynatup 8250 impact tester. Three specimens were used for all three composites and were tested at 6 different temperatures, -10oC, 25oC, 50oC, 100oC, 150oC and 200oC using the Low-Velocity Impact Machine with 20 Kip punch shear load cell. The results showed that HIG had the highest resistance to punch shear impact. It resisted the highest amount of impact followed by HTG and EG at every temperature tested. The total energy absorbed by HIG was roughly 12 times EG and roughly thrice as much as HTG. The damage propagation energy of HIG was roughly 14 and 3 times than of EG and HTG. Over the temperature spectrum, it was observed that the energy absorption of HIG until peak load was around 11 times and 4 times the energy absorption of EG and HTG respectively. The max impact load for HIG was respectively around 5 times and twice as EG and HTG respectively. Similarly, the max impact absorbed by each Garolite decreased with the increase in temperature. Also, the failure zone decreased with the increase in temperature

Who Benefits from Hydropower in the 21st Century? Analyzing Local Benefit Sharing of Hydropower Projects in Nepal and Developing Countries

This dissertation addresses three significant research questions on hydropower energy and development geography. The first research question develops a new framework for evaluating hydropower benefit-sharing arrangements (HBSAs). Specifically, this chapter argues that the current forms of HBSAs need to focus on spatial scales of development to fit within the broader dialogues of equity and rural development across in the countries of Global South. The second and third research questions deal with the experience of different stakeholders with a particular type of HBSA practiced in Nepal, known as local equity sharing (LES). Community leaders’ experiences with and perspectives about local equity sharing (LES) and rural development in Nepal are the theme of the second research question. The results from semi-structured interviews with the chairpersons of the rural municipalities are used to investigate the impact of LES on socio-economic condition of the local community. To my knowledge, it is one of the first studies to review the impacts of LES, which is currently confined to Nepal. The final research question concerns how LES has been evaluated by hydropower developers as they make decisions about domestic capital mobilization within Nepal and mitigating conflicts. The work on these three research questions contributes to expanding our knowledge of hydropower benefit-sharing as it shapes rural development strategies in countries of the Global South