The Bronx in Australia: The Metaphoric Stigmatization of Public Housing Tenants in Australian Towns and Cities

This paper contributes to the literature on the stigmatization of Australian public housing tenants and to the literature on Australian housing metaphors, explaining the usage of “the Bronx” as a means of stigmatizing country town and suburban localities dominated by public housing. It compares four Australian situations where the marginalization of the poor is expressed through the typification of the area in which they live as “the Bronx” by local usage, the media or both, comparing these with a fifth situation that matched the signal characteristics of this typification but escaped being so labeled. An examination of the Bronx’s (New York City) history shows the development of its reputation as a metaphor for the urban ghetto. The results of qualitative fieldwork undertaken in the Western Australian towns of Kalgoorlie, Carnarvon, and Broome are compared with media representations of analogous stigmatizations in New South Wales

The second wave: Aboriginal cultural centres in sustainable development

Over the past 10 years there has been a widespread, localised, uncoordinated effort across Australia to create Aboriginal cultural centres. Generally funded by regional development bodies and/or local government, these centres focus on leveraging culture to drive human development (training, employment) while meeting a range of social and cultural goals. Among their goals are cultural events, engagement with Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal communities, and education about Aboriginal cultural knowledge. They can be differentiated from the first wave of Aboriginal arts centres that began in the 1970s that were controlled by Aboriginal organisations in which the Federal government exercised influence via funding models, had the principle activity of facilitating the production and marketing of art, and tended to be in remote locations. The focus here is on an exemplar of the established, though still developing, second wave of Aboriginal cultural centres. This paper presents a hypothesis on the characteristics of the second wave of Aboriginal cultural centres and their alignment with state-defined priorities for sustainable development through the case study of an Aboriginal culture and heritage centre. Insights are drawn from key informant interviews about the creation and operation of Gwoondwardu Mia, the Gascoyne Aboriginal Heritage and Cultural Centre in Carnarvon, Western Australia

ISR spectra simulations with electron-ion Coulomb collisions

Incoherent scatter radars (ISR) rely on Thomson scattering of very high frequency or ultrahigh frequency radio waves off electrons in the ionosphere and measure the backscattered power spectra in order to estimate altitude profiles of plasma density, electron temperature, ion temperature, and ion drift speed. These spectra result from the collective behavior of coupled ion and electron dynamics, and, for most cases, existing theories predict these well. However, when the radar points nearly perpendicular to the Earth's magnetic field, the motion of the plasma across the field lines becomes complex and Coulomb collisions between electrons and ions become important in interpreting ISR measurements. This paper presents the first fully kinetic, self‐consistent, particle‐in‐cell simulations of ISR spectra with electron‐ion Coulomb collisions. We implement a grid‐based Coulomb collision algorithm in the Electrostatic Parallel Particle‐in‐Cell simulator and obtain ISR spectra from simulations both with and without collisions. For radar directions greater than 5° away from perpendicular to the magnetic field, both sets of simulations match collisionless ISR theory well. For angles between 3° and 5°, the collisional simulation is well described by a simplified Brownian motion collision process. At angles less than 3° away from perpendicular the Brownian motion model fails, and the collisional simulation qualitatively agrees with previous single particle simulations. For radar directions exactly perpendicular to the magnetic field the simulated collisional spectra match those from the Brownian motion collision theory, in agreement with previous single particle simulations.This work was supported by NASA grants NNX14AI13G and NNX16AB80G and NSF grant PHY-1500439. This work used the XSEDE and TACC computational facilities, supported by NSF grant ACI-1053575. The work by Alex Fletcher was supported by NSF-AGS Postdoctoral Research Fellowship award 1433536 while at the Center for Space Physics, Boston University. Simulation produced data are archived at TACC and are available upon request. We thank John Swoboda of MIT Haystack Observatory for his suggestions on processing the simulated ISR spectra. (NNX14AI13G - NASA; NNX16AB80G - NASA; PHY-1500439 - NSF; ACI-1053575 - NSF; 1433536 - NSF-AGS Postdoctoral Research Fellowship at the Center for Space Physics, Boston University)First author draf

Formation of plasma around a small meteoroid: simulation and theory

High‐power large‐aperture radars detect meteors by reflecting radio waves off dense plasma that surrounds a hypersonic meteoroid as it ablates in the Earth's atmosphere. If the plasma density profile around the meteoroid is known, the plasma's radar cross section can be used to estimate meteoroid properties such as mass, density, and composition. This paper presents head echo plasma density distributions obtained via two numerical simulations of a small ablating meteoroid and compares the results to an analytical solution found in Dimant and Oppenheim (2017a, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA023960, 2017b, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA023963). The first simulation allows ablated meteoroid particles to experience only a single collision to match an assumption in the analytical solution, while the second is a more realistic simulation by allowing multiple collisions. The simulation and analytical results exhibit similar plasma density distributions. At distances much less than λT, the average distance an ablated particle travels from the meteoroid before a collision with an atmospheric particle, the plasma density falls off as 1/R, where R is the distance from the meteoroid center. At distances substantially greater than λT, the plasma density profile has an angular dependence, falling off as 1/R^2 directly behind the meteoroid, 1/R^3 in a plane perpendicular to the meteoroid's path that contains the meteoroid center, and exp - 1.5(/λ)2/3/ in front of the meteoroid. When used for calculating meteoroid masses, this new plasma density model can give masses that are orders of magnitude different than masses calculated from a spherically symmetric Gaussian distribution, which has been used to calculate masses in the past.This work was supported by NSF grants AGS-1244842 and AGS-1056042. This work used the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE), which is supported by National Science Foundation grant ACI-1548562. The authors acknowledge the Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC) at The University of Texas at Austin for providing HPC resources that have contributed to the research results reported within this paper; URL: http://www.tacc.utexas.edu. Simulation-produced data are archived at TACC and available upon request. (AGS-1244842 - NSF; AGS-1056042 - NSF; ACI-1548562 - National Science Foundation)First author draf

The drivers of supply and demand in Australia's rural and regional centres

This Paper has reviewed both the literature on regional housing markets and the current and emerging policy environment. It has shown that there have been significant developments in housing policy over the previous two years, with a number of major policy initiatives and substantial public sector investment in housing. The Positioning Paper has suggested that not all new programs and policies are equally accessible to metropolitan and non-metropolitan Australia alike.Selina Tually, Andrew Beer, Steve Rowley, Fiona Haslam McKenzie and Christina Birdsall-Jones for the Australian Housing and Urban Research Institut

The drivers of supply and demand in Australia's rural and regional centres

This Paper has reviewed both the literature on regional housing markets and the current and emerging policy environment. It has shown that there have been significant developments in housing policy over the previous two years, with a number of major policy initiatives and substantial public sector investment in housing. The Positioning Paper has suggested that not all new programs and policies are equally accessible to metropolitan and non-metropolitan Australia alike.Selina Tually, Andrew Beer, Steve Rowley, Fiona Haslam McKenzie and Christina Birdsall-Jones for the Australian Housing and Urban Research Institut

The drivers of supply and demand in Australia's rural and regional centres

This Paper has reviewed both the literature on regional housing markets and the current and emerging policy environment. It has shown that there have been significant developments in housing policy over the previous two years, with a number of major policy initiatives and substantial public sector investment in housing. The Positioning Paper has suggested that not all new programs and policies are equally accessible to metropolitan and non-metropolitan Australia alike.Andrew Beer, Selina Tually, Steven Rowley, Fiona Haslam McKenzie, Julia Schlapp, Christina Birdsall Jones and Vanessa Corunn

Stages of the Demographic Transition from a Child's Perspective: Family Size, Cohort Size, and Children's Resources

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/71989/1/j.1728-4457.2008.00218.x.pd

"More money for health - more health for the money": a human resources for health perspective

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>At the MDG Summit in September 2010, the UN Secretary-General launched the Global Strategy for Women's and Children's Health. Central within the Global Strategy are the ambitions of "more money for health" and "more health for the money". These aim to leverage more resources for health financing whilst simultaneously generating more results from existing resources - core tenets of public expenditure management and governance. This paper considers these ambitions from a human resources for health (HRH) perspective.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Using data from the UK Department for International Development (DFID) we set out to quantify and qualify the British government's contributions on HRH in developing countries and to establish a baseline.. To determine whether activities and financing could be included in the categorisation of 'HRH strengthening' we adopted the Agenda for Global Action on HRH and a WHO approach to the 'working lifespan' of health workers as our guiding frameworks. To establish a baseline we reviewed available data on Official Development Assistance (ODA) and country reports, undertook a new survey of HRH programming and sought information from multilateral partners.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In financial year 2008/9 DFID spent £901 million on direct 'aid to health'. Due to the nature of the Creditor Reporting System (CRS) of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) it is not feasible to directly report on HRH spending. We therefore employed a process of imputed percentages supported by detailed assessment in twelve countries. This followed the model adopted by the G8 to estimate ODA on maternal, newborn and child health. Using the G8's model, and cognisant of its limitations, we concluded that UK 'aid to health' on HRH strengthening is approximately 25%.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>In quantifying DFID's disbursements on HRH we encountered the constraints of the current CRS framework. This limits standardised measurement of ODA on HRH. This is a governance issue that will benefit from further analysis within more comprehensive programmes of workforce science, surveillance and strategic intelligence. The Commission on Information and Accountability for Women's and Children's Health may present an opportunity to partially address the limitations in reporting on ODA for HRH and present solutions to establish a global baseline.</p