Polyherbal decoction modulates redox homeostasis during Malachite green induced metabolic stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

17-26Malachite green (MG) is aquatic pollutant that induces oxidative stress when comes in contact with the living organisms. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, MG produces intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and these ROS disturb redox homeostasis and cellular functions leading to early cell death. Exogenous supply of natural antioxidants containing polyherbal decoction may play a crucial role in re-establishment of redox homeostasis by ensuring the cell survival. Exposure of MG to Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in a significant decrease (97.8%) in colony forming units (CFU). An Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation ‘Vayasthapana Rasayana’ (VR) which contains natural antioxidants from plants viz. Terminalia chebula, Clitoria ternatea, Boerhaavia diffusa, Centella asiatica, Phyllanthus emblica, Asparagus racemossus and Tinospora cordifolia at 1.0 mg/mL concentration could arrest the oxidative stress during MG exposure. Levels of ROS elevated up to 67.3% on MG exposure; while VR supplementation reduced it by 54.7%. MG induced cellular apoptosis in 38% and necrosis in 27% cells, while VR augmentation reduced it to 8%. Activities of antioxidant enzymes like catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in MG exposed cells were induced by 408, 144 and 140%, respectively, whereas, VR supplementation lowered the expressions to 102, 57 and 111%, respectively. Induction in caspases 3/7 activity was also found to be reduced by 65.39% after VR augmentation. Similarly, VR modulated activities of oxido-reductases like lignin peroxidase, laccase, NADH-DCIP reductase and MG reductase. VR supplementation also maintained the MG utilization potential of S. cerevisiae up to 20th exposure cycle which was otherwise arrested to 8th cycle. The treatment also decreased the ROS accumulation and nuclear damage, restoring the cell viability up to 94% and retained normal growth dynamics. Thus, VR supplementation could significantly decrease oxidative stress, enhance cell viability and ultimately protect the dying S. cerevisiae cells during MG exposure

Polyherbal decoction modulates redox homeostasis during Malachite green induced metabolic stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Malachite green (MG) is aquatic pollutant that induces oxidative stress when comes in contact with the living organisms. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, MG produces intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and these ROS disturb redox homeostasis and cellular functions leading to early cell death. Exogenous supply of natural antioxidants containing polyherbal decoction may play a crucial role in re-establishment of redox homeostasis by ensuring the cell survival. Exposure of MG to Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in a significant decrease (97.8%) in colony forming units (CFU). An Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation ‘Vayasthapana Rasayana’ (VR) which contains natural antioxidants from plants viz. Terminalia chebula, Clitoria ternatea, Boerhaavia diffusa, Centella asiatica, Phyllanthus emblica, Asparagus racemossus and Tinospora cordifolia at 1.0 mg/mL concentration could arrest the oxidative stress during MG exposure. Levels of ROS elevated up to 67.3% on MG exposure; while VR supplementation reduced it by 54.7%. MG induced cellular apoptosis in 38% and necrosis in 27% cells, while VR augmentation reduced it to 8%. Activities of antioxidant enzymes like catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in MG exposed cells were induced by 408, 144 and 140%, respectively, whereas, VR supplementation lowered the expressions to 102, 57 and 111%, respectively. Induction in caspases 3/7 activity was also found to be reduced by 65.39% after VR augmentation. Similarly, VR modulated activities of oxido-reductases like lignin peroxidase, laccase, NADH-DCIP reductase and MG reductase. VR supplementation also maintained the MG utilization potential of S. cerevisiae up to 20th exposure cycle which was otherwise arrested to 8th cycle. The treatment also decreased the ROS accumulation and nuclear damage, restoring the cell viability up to 94% and retained normal growth dynamics. Thus, VR supplementation could significantly decrease oxidative stress, enhance cell viability and ultimately protect the dying S. cerevisiae cells during MG exposure

COMPREHENSIVE MOLECULAR STUDY REVEALS THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF CHEBULINIC ACID AND BOERAVINONE B TO ESTABLISH REDOX HOMEOSTASIS IN METABOLICALLY STRESSED CELLS

Objective: Our objective was to assess the multi-dimensional protective mechanism of Chebulinic acid (CA) and Boeravinone B (BB) against MG-induced metabolic stress and cytotoxicity. Methods: In this study, we have studied CA-and BB-mediated changes in molecular markers of highly dynamic mechanisms of mitochondrial disintegration, nuclear damage and cell death pathways associated with early ageing in MG-exposed Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells using biochemical assays, qRT-PCR and flow cytometry. Results: We found that CA and BB interventions during MG-induced stress in S. cerevisiae reduce the rate of extracellular nitrite production, protein carbonyl content, lipid peroxidation and in addition, photo components positively modulate the expression patterns of genes involved in different cell death pathways. Furthermore, CA and BB treatments to MG-stressed cells reduced the number of cells in late apoptosis by 13.4% and 28.3%, respectively. On top of that, CA and BB supplementation during MG-stress restored mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) by 63.0% and 62.5%, respectively. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it seems CA and BB phytotherapy protect against MG-induced cytotoxicity through their natural antioxidant properties by establishing redox homeostasis; thus, CA and BB defend the cell components from oxidative damage of different biomolecules and organelles, ultimately increase longevity

Phytoextracts protect <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> from oxidative stress with simultaneous enhancement in bioremediation efficacy

469-478Bioremediation efficacies are highly affected by abiotic stresses imparted by a verity of pollutants due to generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These stressed cells can be treated using natural or synthetic antioxidants. Such an approach could prove beneficial to bioremediation agents as the exogenously added antioxidant compounds would scavenge the generated free radicals. This would definitely lead to increased longevity of the involved organism and carry out superior treatments. In present study, Malachite Green (MG) was found to exert oxidative stress on Saccharomyces cerevisiae through generation ROS. A 2 h exposure of MG though achieved 99% decolourization, the cells revealed a significant decrease (97.8%) in colony forming units (CFU) upon further subculture. Natural antioxidants from Centella asiatica, Phyllanthus emblica, Asperagus racemosus and Tinospora cordifolia extracts, however, restored the CFU with a loss of only 16-33%. The MG stressed cells indicated an increase in ROS by 6.7 fold which was reduced to near normal due to augmentation with plant extracts. MG damaged the nuclear material up to 90% and inclusion of phytoextracts protected the cells revealing only 0-7% nuclear damage. Induction in apoptosis (92%) and necrosis (23%) in MG exposed cells was noted, while plant extracts augmentation reduced apoptosis to 15-49% and necrosis to 10-16%. Activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase were significantly decreased in phyto-augmented cells when compared to MG stressed cells. Dye degrading enzymes, namely lignin peroxidase, laccase, NADH-DCIP reductase and MG reductase were found to show induction in activities during MG utilization. Since antioxidants from plant extracts could protect the cells form oxidative stress, they were used to treat MG for 20 continuous decolourization cycles. Augmentation of C. asiatica, P. emblica, A. racemosus and T. cordifolia extracts at 20th decolourization cycle revealed 75, 79, 74 and 93% superior decolorization efficacies as compared to unaugmented cells. These natural antioxidants to protect bioremediation agents form oxidative stress, thus concluded to show enhanced treatment