A Fe(III)/NaBH₄‑Promoted Free-Radical Hydroheteroarylation of Alkenes

A free-radical-mediated intermolecular hydroheteroarylation of simple alkenes was developed. Through simply mixing heteroarenes, alkenes, Fe­(III), and NaBH₄ at 0 °C together, a wide range of alkylated heteroarenes could be afforded in moderate to excellent yields within 1 h

Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of HIV Infection in High Risk Populations: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

<div><p>Background</p><p>Nearly ten randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) have been completed or are ongoing worldwide to evaluate the effectiveness of PrEP in HIV transmission among HIV-uninfected high risk populations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of PrEP to prevent HIV transmission through a Mata-analysis.</p><p>Methods</p><p>A comprehensive computerized literature search was carried out in PubMed, EMbase, Ovid, Web of Science, Science Direct, Wan Fang, CNKI and related websites to collect relevant articles (from their establishment date to August 30, 2013). The search terms were “pre-exposure prophylaxis”, “high risk population”, “HIV infection”, “reduction”, “relative risk” and “efficacy”. We included any RCT assessing PrEP for the prevention of HIV infection in high risk populations. Interventions of the studies were continuously daily or intermittent doses of single or compound antiretrovirals (ARVs) before HIV exposure or during HIV exposure. A meta-analysis was conducted using Stata 10.0. A random-effects method was used to calculate the pooled relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for all studies included.</p><p>Results</p><p>Seven RCTs involving 14,804 individuals in high risk populations were eligible for this study. The number of subjects in the experimental groups was 8,195, with HIV infection rate of 2.03%. The number of subjects in the control groups was 6,609, with HIV infection rate of 4.07%. The pooled RR was 0.53 (95% CI = 0.40∼0.71, <i>P</i><0.001). The re-analyzed pooled RR were 0.61 (95% CI = 0.48∼0.77, <i>P</i><0.001), 0.49 (95% CI = 0.38∼0.63, <i>P</i><0.001), respectively, by excluding the largest study or two studies without statistical significance. Publication bias analysis revealed a symmetry funnel plot. The fail-safe number was 1,022.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>These results show that PrEP is an effective strategy for reducing new HIV infections in high risk populations.</p></div

Funnel plot for the publication bias of all seven included trials.

<p>Funnel plot for the publication bias of all seven included trials.</p

Random-effects model meta-analysis, excluding two studies with no statistical significance.

<p>Heterogeneity chi-squared = 5.58(d.f. = 4), <i>P</i> = 0.233; test of RR = 1∶z = 5.51, <i>P</i><0.001.</p

PRISMA (2009) flow diagram.

<p>PRISMA (2009) flow diagram.</p

Application of a Combined Model with Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN) in Forecasting Hepatitis Incidence in Heng County, China

<div><p>Background</p><p>Hepatitis is a serious public health problem with increasing cases and property damage in Heng County. It is necessary to develop a model to predict the hepatitis epidemic that could be useful for preventing this disease.</p><p>Methods</p><p>The autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model and the generalized regression neural network (GRNN) model were used to fit the incidence data from the Heng County CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention) from January 2005 to December 2012. Then, the ARIMA-GRNN hybrid model was developed. The incidence data from January 2013 to December 2013 were used to validate the models. Several parameters, including mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and mean square error (MSE), were used to compare the performance among the three models.</p><p>Results</p><p>The morbidity of hepatitis from Jan 2005 to Dec 2012 has seasonal variation and slightly rising trend. The ARIMA(0,1,2)(1,1,1)₁₂ model was the most appropriate one with the residual test showing a white noise sequence. The smoothing factor of the basic GRNN model and the combined model was 1.8 and 0.07, respectively. The four parameters of the hybrid model were lower than those of the two single models in the validation. The parameters values of the GRNN model were the lowest in the fitting of the three models.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>The hybrid ARIMA-GRNN model showed better hepatitis incidence forecasting in Heng County than the single ARIMA model and the basic GRNN model. It is a potential decision-supportive tool for controlling hepatitis in Heng County.</p></div

Quality assessment of the included trials.

<p>Note: Adequate if the allocation sequence was generated by a computer or random number table. Unclear if the trial was described as randomized, but the method used for the allocation sequence generation was not described; N/A, not available.</p

The funnel plots for publication bias.

<p>The red solid circle represents for PCR-based RDTMs, blue for ELISA-based RDTMs and green for other RDTMs. The areas of the circles stand for the number of cases. The Deek test was not significant (p = 0.69).</p

Literature search flow chart.

<p>Literature search flow chart.</p

Additional file 1 of Effectiveness of human immunodeficiency virus prevention strategies by mapping the geographic dispersion pattern of human immunodeficiency virus prevalence in Nanning, China

Supplementary Material 1