Research of Hydrogen Preparation with Catalytic Steam-Carbon Reaction Driven by Photo-Thermochemistry Process

An experiment of hydrogen preparation from steam-carbon reaction catalyzed by K 2 CO 3 was carried out at 700 ∘ C, which was driven by the solar reaction system simulated with Xenon lamp. It can be found that the rate of reaction with catalyst is 10 times more than that without catalyst. However, for the catalytic reaction, there is no obvious change for the rate of hydrogen generation with catalyst content range from 10% to 20%. Besides, the conversion efficiency of solar energy to chemical energy is more than 13.1% over that by photovoltaic-electrolysis route. An analysis to the mechanism of catalytic steam-carbon reaction with K 2 CO 3 is given, and an explanation to the nonbalanced [H 2 ]/[CO + 2CO 2 ] is presented, which is a phenomenon usually observed in experiment

Research of Hydrogen Preparation with Catalytic Steam-Carbon Reaction Driven by Photo-Thermochemistry Process

An experiment of hydrogen preparation from steam-carbon reaction catalyzed by K2CO3 was carried out at 700°C, which was driven by the solar reaction system simulated with Xenon lamp. It can be found that the rate of reaction with catalyst is 10 times more than that without catalyst. However, for the catalytic reaction, there is no obvious change for the rate of hydrogen generation with catalyst content range from 10% to 20%. Besides, the conversion efficiency of solar energy to chemical energy is more than 13.1% over that by photovoltaic-electrolysis route. An analysis to the mechanism of catalytic steam-carbon reaction with K2CO3 is given, and an explanation to the nonbalanced [H2]/[CO + 2CO2] is presented, which is a phenomenon usually observed in experiment

Deaths and adverse events from adjuvant therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors in solid malignant tumors: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis

Abstract Background By prolonging overall survival and reducing disease recurrence rates, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are an emerging adjuvant therapy option for patients with resectable malignant tumors. However, the safety profile (deaths and adverse events [AEs]) of adjuvant ICIs has not been fully described. Methods We searched the literature for phase III randomized clinical trials that compared PD‐1, PD‐L1, and CTLA‐4 inhibitors in solid malignant tumors. Incidences of death, discontinuation, AEs of any cause, treatment‐related adverse events (TRAEs), and immune‐related adverse events (IRAEs) were extracted for the network meta‐analysis. Network meta‐analyses with low incidence and poor convergence are reported as incidences with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Results Ten randomized clinical trials that included 9243 patients who received ICI adjuvant therapy were eligible. In total, 21 deaths due to TRAEs were recorded, with an overall incidence of 0.40% (95% CI: 0.26–0.61). The treatment‐related mortality rates for ipilimumab (0.76%, 95% CI: 0.31–1.55) and atezolizumab (0.56%, 95% CI: 0.18–1.31) were higher than for pembrolizumab (0.24%, 95% CI: 0.10–0.56) and nivolumab (0.30%, 95% CI: 0.08–0.77). The most frequent causes of death were associated with the gastrointestinal (0.10%, 95% CI: 0.04–0.24) and pulmonary (0.08%, 95% CI: 0.03–0.21) systems. Compared with the control arm, we found that nivolumab (odds ratio [OR]: 2.73, 95% CI: 0.49–15.85) and atezolizumab (OR: 12.43, 95% CI: 2.42–78.48) caused the fewest grade ≥3 TRAEs and IRAEs. Commonly reported IRAEs of special interest were analyzed, and two agents were found to have IRAEs with incidences >10%, i.e., hepatitis for atezolizumab (14.80%, 95% CI: 12.53–17.32) and hypophysitis for ipilimumab (13.53%, 95% CI: 11.38–15.90). Conclusions Ipilimumab and atezolizumab were correlated with higher treatment‐related death rates than pembrolizumab and nivolumab, in which the gastrointestinal and pulmonary systems were mostly involved. Regarding severe TRAEs and IRAEs, nivolumab and atezolizumab are likely to be the safest agent, respectively. This study will guide clinical practice for ICI adjuvant therapies

Neutrophil extracellular traps in relationship to efficacy of systemic therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma

Abstract Background The efficacy of systemic therapy regimens, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (IO‐TKI) and targeted therapy, for metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remains unpredictable due to the lack of effective biomarkers. Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) plays an important role in promoting ccRCC. This study explores the NET predictive value of the efficacy in metastatic ccRCC. Methods In this retrospective study, patients with metastatic ccRCC who received targeted drugs and IO‐TKI were included. Immunofluorescence staining was utilized to quantify the levels of tissue NETs through cell counts of H3Cit(+) and MPO(+) cells. Results A total of 183 patients with metastatic ccRCC were enrolled, including 150 patients who received TKIs and 33 patients who received IO‐TKI. The levels of NETs in tumor tissue were significantly higher than in para‐tumor tissue (p < 0.001). In terms of predicting drug efficacy, a correlation between NET levels and progression‐free survival (PFS) was observed in the TKI with metachronous metastasis group (HR 1.73 [95% CI 1.02–2.91], log‐rank p = 0.037), while no correlation was observed in the TKI with synchronous metastasis group and IO‐TKI group. Regarding overall survival (OS), activated NET levels were associated with poor OS in both TKI (HR 1.60 [95% CI 1.05–2.43], log‐rank p  = 0.017) and IO‐TKI group (HR 4.35 [95% CI 1.06–17.82], log‐rank p =0.047). IMDC score (HR 1.462 [95% CI 1.030–2.075], p = 0.033) and tumor tissue NET levels (HR 1.733 [95% CI 1.165–2.579], p = 0.007) were independent prognostic risk factors for OS in patients with metastatic ccRCC.NET level was associated with poor OS in both TKI (HR 1.60 [95% CI 1.05–2.43], log‐rank p  = 0.017). Conclusions The active NET levels in tumor tissue can predict drug efficacy in patients with metastatic ccRCC who received systemic therapy. Elevated levels of NETs in tumor tissue were also associated with poor efficacy in OS