Liječenje skvamozne neoplazije površine oka: prikaz slučaja

Aim: Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) is a term that encompasses a wide and varied spectrum of very rare dysplastic disease of cornea and conjunctiva, ranging from conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), carcinoma in situ (CIS) to invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of conjunctiva and/or cornea. Case report: In our case report, we present squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva and cornea in a 78-year old man. Our diagnostic algorithm included: slit lamp and fundus examination, gonioscopy, impression cytology (IC) andmagnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The patient underwentsurgical excisional biopsy of the lesion and intraoperativecryotherapy of the cut conjunctival edges and sclera-conjuctiva base region. Following surgical therapy, we started topical 0.02 % (0.2 mg/ml) Mitomycin C (MMC) application daily for 14 days. Control excisional biopsy of conjunctival edge and abrasion of involved cornea were performed following the last day of topical chemotherapy. Our controlexcisional biopsyrevealed tumor positive corneal tissue and the second cycle of topical 0.04 % (0.4 mg/ml) MMCchemotherapy wasstarted for next 3 weeks. The patient has been followed-up for 20 months through monthly–based visits, with no recurrence of the disease. Conclusions: OSSN is a surgical challenge requiring a specialized â€no-touch’ (NT) technique. In our case, the combination of surgical excision with intraoperative cryotherapy and topical chemotherapy with 0.02 % MMC application for 14 days, completed with second cycle of topical 0.04 % MMC drops for the next 21 days given the positive control biopsy, proved to be a good choice for eradication of OSSN with accurate further monitoring of the patient.Cilj: Skvamozna neoplazija površine oka (OSSN) vrlo je rijetka displastična bolest rožnice i spojnice oka, sa slikom u rasponu od konjunktivalne intraepitelne neoplazije (CIN), karcinoma in situ (CIS) do invazivnog skvamocelularnog konjunktive i/ili rožnice (SCC). Prikaz slučaja: Opisali smo slučaj invazivnog skvamocelularnog karcinoma konjunktive i rožnice kod 78-godišnjeg pacijenta. Dijagnostički plan uključio je kompletan oftalmološki pregled, gonioskopiju, impresijsku citologiju i magnetsku rezonanciju (MR), te je potvrđena dijagnoza karcinoma pločastih stanica bez širenja u orbitu i ostala intraokularna tkiva. Pacijent je podvrgnut kirurškoj ekscizijskoj biopsiji lezije, uz krioterapiju konjunktivalnih rubova i skleralne baze lezije. Nakon kirurške terapije, proveli smo topičku terapiju 0,02 % (0,2 mg/ml) Mitomycinom C (MMC) tijekom 14 dana. Kontrolna ekscizijska biopsija ruba spojnice i strugotine zahvaćene rožnice provedena je posljednjeg dana topičke kemoterapije. Zbog pozitivnog nalaza tumorskih stanica u rožničnom tkivu nastavljena je topička kemoterapija 0,04 % (0,4 mg/ml) MMC-om tijekom sljedeća 3 tjedna. Pacijent je redovito praćen tijekom posljednjih 20 mjeseci bez recidiva bolesti. Zaključci: OSSN je kirurški izazov jer zahtijeva specijaliziranu no-touch operativnu tehniku. U našem slučaju, kombinacija kirurškog zahvata s intraoperativnom krioterapijom, te nakon toga topička kemoterapija 0,02 % kapima Mitomycin tijekom 14 dana, uz nastavljen drugi ciklus topičke kemoterapije 0,04 % kapima Mitomycin tijekom sljedećeg razdoblja od 21 dana zbog pozitivne kontrolne biopsije dobar je izbor za liječenje OSSN-a uz pažljivo daljnje praćenje pacijenta

Bevacizumab and corneal pathology

Cilj rada je dati pregled postojeće literature o terapiji bevacizumabom u liječenju neovaskularnih poremećaja rožnice. Rožnica je jedinstveno tkivo zbog svoje prirodne avaskularnosti. Imunoprivilegirano je vezivno tkivo koje služi kao mehanička prepreka i prednja refraktivna površina oka. Krvnu opskrbu prima perilimbalnim cilijarnim arterijama. Neovaskularizacija (NV) rožnice je stanje koje obilježava patološko urastanje perilimbalnih krvnih žila u rožnicu, zbog kroničnog nedostatka kisika. Patološka stanja koja uzrokuju neoangiogenezu rožnice su kemijske ozljede, ishemija, infekcije, degeneracije, trauma i imunološki procesi. Abnormalne krvne žile uzrokuju stvaranje ožiljaka rožnice i kompromitiraju vidnu oštrinu. Neovaskularizacija rožnice nastaje kada je ravnoteža između pro-angiogenih i anti-angiogenih faktora narušena u korist pro-angiogenih molekula. Dosadašnji uobičajeni tretmani za liječenje NV-a rožnice imaju ograničenu kliničku djelotvornost jer ne ciljaju molekularne posrednike angiogeneze. VEGF-A (engl. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A) je glavni regulator hemangiogeneze. Bevacizumab prepoznaje sve VEGF izoforme. Neovaskularna stanja rožnice koja se mogu liječiti bevacizumabom su: inflamatorna stanja, infekcije i traumatski/jatrogeni uzroci. Studije su pokazale djelomično smanjenje neovaskularizacija rožnice kroz topičku, subkonjunktivalnu i intrastromalnu primjenu bevacizumaba. Anti-VEGF terapija stvorila je ogromnu nadu za liječenje neovaskularizacije rožnice, no ona ima svoje granice u liječenju, a uspješnost liječenja ovisi o veličini ožiljka, trajanju bolesti i opsegu neovaskularizacija. Anti-VEGF terapija je posebno učinkovita ako se primijeni u ranoj fazi (prva 2 tjedna neoangiogeneze). Kontrolirane prospektivne studije potrebne su za uspostavu dugoročne sigurnosti i određivanje minimalne efektivne i maksimalne sigurnosne koncentracija bevacizumaba za liječenje NV-a prednjeg segmenta oka.The purpose of this paper is to present a review of the current literature on anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) bevacizumab therapy for corneal neovascular disorders. Cornea is unique avascular, immunoprivileged connective tissue that acts as transparent mechanical barrier and the anterior eye refractive surface. Corneal neovascularizations (NV) are caused by chronic corneal ischemia with pathological ingrowth of perylimbal blood vessels into the cornea. Abnormal blood vessels cause scarring of the cornea and compromise visual acuity. Pathological conditions that cause corneal neoangiogenesis are: chemical burns, ischemia, infections, degeneration, trauma and immune processes. Corneal neovascularization occurs because of corneal pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors disequilibrium. The former treatment of corneal NV does not target the molecular mediators of angiogenesis. VEGF-A is the main regulator of angiogenesis. Bevacizumab recognizes all VEGF isoforms. Studies have demonstrated partial reduction of neovascularization through topical, subconjunctival and intrastromal bevacizumab application. Bevacizumab can be used in corneal inflammatory diseases, infections and traumatic/iatrogenic causes. Anti-VEGF agents have created enormous hope for the treatment of corneal neovascularization. Treatment of corneal NV with anti-VEGF antibody has limits and depends on the size of the scar, durability and range of neovascularization. Anti-VEGF agents are especially effective when administered early (less then 2 weeks in neoangiogenesis). Controlled prospective studies are needed to establish long-term safety, efficacy and minimum effective and maximum security concentration of the drug to treat neovascularisation of anterior eye segment

Nesteroidni protuupalni lijekovi u liječenju cistoidnog makularnog edema

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have become a significant therapeutic adjunctive tool in the routine and complicated intraocular surgery. Topical NSAIDs prevent intraoperative miosis, reduce pain, postoperative inflammation and incidence of cystoid macular edema (CME). Although there is no established protocol for prophylaxis of pseudophakic CME, due to the relationship between proinflammatory prostaglandins and CME, using corticosteroids and NSAIDs could prevent CME. NSAIDs have a synergistic antiinflammatory effect with steroids, but can also be used alone when corticosteroid therapy could be harmful. Prospective clinical trials need to define treatment protocol for topical NSAIDs use, due to their powerful influence to prevent perioperative complications.Nesteroidni protuupalni lijekovi (NSAID, engl. nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs) postali su značajna dodatna terapija u rutinskim i kompliciranim intraokularnim operacijama. Topički NSAID-i sprječavaju intraoperativnu miozu, smanjuju bol, postoperativnu upalu i učestalost cistoidnog makularnog edema (CME). Iako nema uspostavljenog protokola za profilaksu pseudofakičnog CME-a, zbog veze između proupalnih prostaglandina i CME-a primjena topičkih kortikosteroida i topičkih NSAID-a može spriječiti CME. NSAID-i imaju sinergistički protuupalni učinak sa steroidima, ali se mogu upotrijebiti i sami kada bi kortikosteroidna terapija mogla biti rizična. Zbog njihovog snažnog utjecaja na prevenciju perioperativnih komplikacija potrebna su prospektivna klinička istraživanja za definiranje protokola terapijske primjene topičkih NSAID-a

Conjunctival Amelanotic Melanoma – A Case Report

Conjunctival melanoma is a relatively rare malignancy. It is presented as pigmented nodule in any area of conjunctiva, amelanotic tumors are pink with smooth apperance. The authors describe an amelanotic melanoma of the conjunctiva in an 82-year-old female patient. Cytological, histopathological and immunohistochemical studies revealed an invasive amelanotic melanoma exhibiting S-100 and MART-1 positivity. The patient undervent surgical and chemotherapy treatement and three years after the initial treatment is in the terminal stage of metastatic disease. Absence of pigmentation delayed early clinical detection and treatement. Awareness of this nonpigmented melanoma is crucial for early recognition and appropriate management

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and treatment of cystoid macular edema

Nesteroidni protuupalni lijekovi (NSAID, engl. nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs) postali su značajna dodatna terapija u rutinskim i kompliciranim intraokularnim operacijama. Topički NSAID-i sprječavaju intraoperativnu miozu, smanjuju bol, postoperativnu upalu i učestalost cistoidnog makularnog edema (CME). Iako nema uspostavljenog protokola za profilaksu pseudofakičnog CME-a, zbog veze između proupalnih prostaglandina i CME-a primjena topičkih kortikosteroida i topičkih NSAID-a može spriječiti CME. NSAID-i imaju sinergistički protuupalni učinak sa steroidima, ali se mogu upotrijebiti i sami kada bi kortikosteroidna terapija mogla biti rizična. Zbog njihovog snažnog utjecaja na prevenciju perioperativnih komplikacija potrebna su prospektivna klinička istraživanja za definiranje protokola terapijske primjene topičkih NSAID-a.Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have become a significant therapeutic adjunctive tool in the routine and complicated intraocular surgery. Topical NSAIDs prevent intraoperative miosis, reduce pain, postoperative inflammation and incidence of cystoid macular edema (CME). Although there is no established protocol for prophylaxis of pseudophakic CME, due to the relationship between proinflammatory prostaglandins and CME, using corticosteroids and NSAIDs could prevent CME. NSAIDs have a synergistic antiinflammatory effect with steroids, but can also be used alone when corticosteroid therapy could be harmful. Prospective clinical trials need to define treatment protocol for topical NSAIDs use, due to their powerful influence to prevent perioperative complications

Progression of macular oedema following cataract surgery in a diabetic patient

Operacija katarakte najizvođenija je operacija u medicini. Šećerna bolest, kao jedno od najčešćih kroničnih oboljenja, povezana je s češćim i ranijim nastankom katarakte u odnosu na zdravu populaciju. Budući da je riječ o mikroangiopatskoj bolesti, u većini slučajeva imamo prisutan određeni stupanj oštećenja hematookularne barijere radi čega su pacijenti skloniji postoperativom padu vidne oštrine. Uzroci pada vidne oštrine postoperativno kod pacijenta sa šećernom bolesti nakon nekomplicirane operacije katarakte odnose se na nastanak postoperativnog cistoidnog makularnog edema ili na progresiju postojećeg dijabetičkog edema makule. Pravilnim postavljanjem dijagnoze te ordiniranjem pravilne i pravodobne terapije, navedene postoperativne komplikacije mogu se uspješno liječiti.Cataract surgery is the most performed surgery in modern medicine. Furthermore, diabetes mellitus is related to higher incidence and the earlier onset of cataract compared to a healthy population. As it is a microangiopathic disease, commonly there is a degree of hematoocular barrier damage which makes the patients susceptible to the postoperative drop in eye acuity. The causes of postoperative eye acuity reduction in diabetic patients following uncomplicated cataract surgery are related to the either onset of postoperative cystoid macular oedema or progression of existing diabetic macular oedema.Making the correct diagnosis and ensuring correct and timely therapy, postoperative complications can be succesfully treated

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and treatment of cystoid macular edema

Nesteroidni protuupalni lijekovi (NSAID, engl. nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs) postali su značajna dodatna terapija u rutinskim i kompliciranim intraokularnim operacijama. Topički NSAID-i sprječavaju intraoperativnu miozu, smanjuju bol, postoperativnu upalu i učestalost cistoidnog makularnog edema (CME). Iako nema uspostavljenog protokola za profilaksu pseudofakičnog CME-a, zbog veze između proupalnih prostaglandina i CME-a primjena topičkih kortikosteroida i topičkih NSAID-a može spriječiti CME. NSAID-i imaju sinergistički protuupalni učinak sa steroidima, ali se mogu upotrijebiti i sami kada bi kortikosteroidna terapija mogla biti rizična. Zbog njihovog snažnog utjecaja na prevenciju perioperativnih komplikacija potrebna su prospektivna klinička istraživanja za definiranje protokola terapijske primjene topičkih NSAID-a.Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have become a significant therapeutic adjunctive tool in the routine and complicated intraocular surgery. Topical NSAIDs prevent intraoperative miosis, reduce pain, postoperative inflammation and incidence of cystoid macular edema (CME). Although there is no established protocol for prophylaxis of pseudophakic CME, due to the relationship between proinflammatory prostaglandins and CME, using corticosteroids and NSAIDs could prevent CME. NSAIDs have a synergistic antiinflammatory effect with steroids, but can also be used alone when corticosteroid therapy could be harmful. Prospective clinical trials need to define treatment protocol for topical NSAIDs use, due to their powerful influence to prevent perioperative complications

Progression of macular oedema following cataract surgery in a diabetic patient

Operacija katarakte najizvođenija je operacija u medicini. Šećerna bolest, kao jedno od najčešćih kroničnih oboljenja, povezana je s češćim i ranijim nastankom katarakte u odnosu na zdravu populaciju. Budući da je riječ o mikroangiopatskoj bolesti, u većini slučajeva imamo prisutan određeni stupanj oštećenja hematookularne barijere radi čega su pacijenti skloniji postoperativom padu vidne oštrine. Uzroci pada vidne oštrine postoperativno kod pacijenta sa šećernom bolesti nakon nekomplicirane operacije katarakte odnose se na nastanak postoperativnog cistoidnog makularnog edema ili na progresiju postojećeg dijabetičkog edema makule. Pravilnim postavljanjem dijagnoze te ordiniranjem pravilne i pravodobne terapije, navedene postoperativne komplikacije mogu se uspješno liječiti.Cataract surgery is the most performed surgery in modern medicine. Furthermore, diabetes mellitus is related to higher incidence and the earlier onset of cataract compared to a healthy population. As it is a microangiopathic disease, commonly there is a degree of hematoocular barrier damage which makes the patients susceptible to the postoperative drop in eye acuity. The causes of postoperative eye acuity reduction in diabetic patients following uncomplicated cataract surgery are related to the either onset of postoperative cystoid macular oedema or progression of existing diabetic macular oedema.Making the correct diagnosis and ensuring correct and timely therapy, postoperative complications can be succesfully treated