12 research outputs found
Detecting spatio-temporal mortality clusters of European countries by sex and ag
[EN] Background: Mortality decreased in European Union (EU) countries during the last century. Despite these similar
trends, there are still considerable differences in the levels of mortality between Eastern and Western European
countries. Sub-group analysis of mortality in Europe for different age and sex groups is common, however to our
knowledge a spatio-temporal methodology as in this study has not been applied to detect significant spatial
dependence and interaction with time. Thus, the objective of this paper is to quantify the dynamics of mortality in
Europe and detect significant clusters of mortality between European countries, applying spatio-temporal
methodology. In addition, the joint evolution between the mortality of European countries and their neighbours over
time was studied.
Methods: The spatio-temporal methodology used in this study takes into account two factors: time and the
geographical location of countries and, consequently, the neighbourhood relationships between them. This
methodology was applied to 26 European countries for the period 1990-2012.
Results: Principally, for people older than 64 years two significant clusters were obtained: one of high mortality
formed by Eastern European countries and the other of low mortality composed of Western countries. In contrast, for
ages below or equal to 64 years only the significant cluster of high mortality formed by Eastern European countries
was observed. In addition, the joint evolution between the 26 European countries and their neighbours during the
period 1990-2012 was confirmed. For this reason, it can be said that mortality in EU not only depends on differences in
the health systems, which are a subject to national discretion, but also on supra-national developments.
Conclusions: This paper proposes statistical tools which provide a clear framework for the successful implementation
of development public policies to help the UE meet the challenge of rethinking its social model (Social Security and
health care) and make it sustainable in the medium term.The authors are grateful for the financial support provided by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, project MTM2013-45381-P. Adina Iftimi gratefully acknowledges financial support from the MECyD (Ministerio de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte, Spain) Grant FPU12/04531. Francisco Montes is grateful for the financial support provided by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, project MTM2016-78917-R. The research by Patricia Carracedo and Ana Debon has been supported by a grant from the Mapfre Foundation.Carracedo-Garnateo, P.; Debón Aucejo, AM.; Iftimi, A.; Montes-Suay, F. (2018). Detecting spatio-temporal mortality clusters of European countries by sex and ag. International Journal for Equity in Health. 17:1-19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-018-0750-zS11917Anderson TW, Goodman LA. Statistical Inference about Markov Chains. Ann Math Stat. 1957; 28(1):89–110.Anselin L. 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Network Centrality of Metro Systems
Whilst being hailed as the remedy to the world’s ills, cities will need to adapt in the 21st century. In particular, the role of public transport is likely to increase significantly, and new methods and technics to better plan transit systems are in dire need. This paper examines one fundamental aspect of transit: network centrality. By applying the notion of betweenness centrality to 28 worldwide metro systems, the main goal of this paper is to study the emergence of global trends in the evolution of centrality with network size and examine several individual systems in more detail. Betweenness was notably found to consistently become more evenly distributed with size (i.e. no “winner takes all”) unlike other complex network properties. Two distinct regimes were also observed that are representative of their structure. Moreover, the share of betweenness was found to decrease in a power law with size (with exponent 1 for the average node), but the share of most central nodes decreases much slower than least central nodes (0.87 vs. 2.48). Finally the betweenness of individual stations in several systems were examined, which can be useful to locate stations where passengers can be redistributed to relieve pressure from overcrowded stations. Overall, this study offers significant insights that can help planners in their task to design the systems of tomorrow, and similar undertakings can easily be imagined to other urban infrastructure systems (e.g., electricity grid, water/wastewater system, etc.) to develop more sustainable cities
THE INFLUENCE OF QUALITY AND PRICE ON THE DEMAND FOR URBAN TRANSPORT: THE CASE OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
This paper uses a nested logit model to estimate a transport demand function for university students in the Bilbao area of Spain and to obtain the main variables that condition this demand. First, price and time elasticities are estimated. The potential effects of changing the available supply of public transport in order to draw new collective transport users away from private vehicles are then considered. Findings suggest that improving quality in terms of more frequent underground and train services, and cutting prices in the case of buses would contribute to attracting new collective transport users
The influence of quality and price on the demand for urban transport: the case of university students
The aim of this work is to estimate a transport demand function for university students in the Bilbao area and to obtain the main variables that condition this demand. To do this, we use a nested logit model. First, we estimate price and time elasticities, and second the potential effects of changing the available supply of public transport in order to draw new collective transport users away from private vehicles.
The Quality of Life: An Analysis of Inter-Island Disparity and Emerging Issues
This chapter compares the quality of life among 37 small island developing states (SIDS) based on Borda ranking rule. The data on 12 attributes of life for 2017 are used to rank the quality of life. These attributes of life cover not only the economic and physical indicators but also the institutional quality and political and civil liberties available to people. The results reveal that Barbados ranks first followed by Singapore on the ladder of quality of life. Most of Caribbean countries are in the top quintile of the quality of life ranking, whereas most pacific countries are in the fourth quintile. The performance of Haiti is the lowest and that of Guinea-Bissau the second lowest in the ranking of quality of life