Extent of occurrence of bonobos and the occurrence of endemic Trypanosomiasis.

<p>Extent of occurrence of bonobos and the occurrence of endemic Trypanosomiasis.</p

Distribution of bonobos relative to the known occurrence of Ebola within the Democratic Republic of Congo.

<p>Inset shows the known distribution of Ebola across Africa. A = Actual outbreak zone and occurrence points for Ebola, adapted from International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, 2009 (Walsh <i>et al.</i>, 2005). B = Modeled potential zone of Ebola outbreaks across Africa (after Peterson <i>et al.</i>, 2004). Grey shading in the main map represents the extent of occurrence of bonobos.</p

Binary regression models comparing disease occurrences and the distribution of bonobos across the Democratic Republic of Congo.

<p>Binary regression models comparing disease occurrences and the distribution of bonobos across the Democratic Republic of Congo.</p

Analysis procedure.

<p>Analysis procedure.</p

Prevalence of <i>Plasmodium spp.</i>[17] and <i>Rickettsia spp.</i> in chimpanzees, gorillas and bonobos found in Cameroon and DRC.

<p>Prevalence of <i>Plasmodium spp.</i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0054679#pone.0054679-Liu1" target="_blank">[17]</a> and <i>Rickettsia spp.</i> in chimpanzees, gorillas and bonobos found in Cameroon and DRC.</p

Distribution of ape fecal samples according to the country and ape species.

<p>Legend: Forest sites of feces collection (See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0054679#pone-0054679-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1</a>). <b>Nch</b>: number of chimpanzee samples, <b>Ngor</b>: number of gorilla samples.</p><p><b>N positive PCR</b>: number of samples found to be positive for <i>Rickettsia</i> spp. The number of samples positive for <i>Rickettsia felis</i> is in parentheses.</p><p><b><i>P.t.t</i></b><i>: Pan troglodytes troglodytes;</i><b>P.p</b>: Pan paniscus; <b><i>G.g.g</i></b><i>: Gorilla gorilla gorilla/.</i></p><p><b>DRC</b>: Democratic Republic of Congo.</p

Ape feces collection sites in Cameroon (A) and the DRC (B).

<p>MB, AL BQ, BB, BM, CP, DJ, DP, EK, GB, LB, MS, LM, MM, MF, MP, ML: Sites of chimpanzee, bonobo and gorilla feces collection (more details in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0054679#pone-0054679-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>). The map shown is from Google^© 2012. Image was generated using Quantum GIS 1.7.4-Wroclaw software.</p

Estimated change in elephant dung density (/km²) distribution during 2002–2011 across the Central African forests.

<p>Results are shown as a percentage of the total area of potential elephant habitat overall (A & B) and by country (C & D) for the predictive model with variables: (A & C) survey year, Human Influence Index, corruption and the presence/absence of guards, and (B & D) survey year, proximity to road, human population density, corruption and the presence/absence of guards. The dung density (per km²) intervals are unequal and correspond to the following elephant population categories: extremely low density (0–100), very low (100–250), low (250–500), medium (500–1,000), high (1,000–3,000) and very high (3,000–7,500). With the loss of very high elephant populations in 2011, there is a significant shift into the lower density intervals over the nine years.</p

Elephant dung density and range reduction across the Central African forests.

<p>Predictions are shown for (A) 2002 and (B) 2011 for the model with variables: survey year∧, Human Influence Index***, corruption*** and the presence/absence of guards***, and (C) 2002 and (D) 2011 for the model with variables: survey year∧, proximity to road∧, human population density***, corruption*** and the presence/absence of guards*** (P-values are: ‘***’ <0.001 and ‘∧’ <0.1). Increasingly darker shades of green correspond to higher densities, grey represents extremely low elephant density range (the first interval: 0–100 elephant dung piles/km²) and white is non-habitat (80 survey sites outlined in red). Cutpoints are: 0; 100; 250; 500; 1,000; 1,500; 3,000; 5,000; and 7,500 dung piles/km². Countries 1–5 are: Cameroon; Central African Republic; Republic of Congo; DRC; Gabon.</p

Encounter rate of elephant dung per kilometre.

<p>Results are shown for the 80 survey sites in Central Africa included in this study. Grey shading represents forest cover.</p