Analiza nekih travnjačkih asocijacija Stare planine

Production of organic, biologically valuable food is a trend in the World today, and in our country it can be successfully realized in production of meat and milk from small ruminants, sheep and goats in hilly-mountainous region. Namely, grasslands in these regions are well preserved from the utilization of mineral fertilizers and chemical preparations for plant protection, therefore production of healthy food is still possible with minimum investments. The quality of plant mass is very important, i.e. presence of high quality plant species in the grassland, as well as possibility for increase of their percentage in the grassland. For this purpose, research was carried out and plant associations most present on Stara Planina Mountain on altitude of 650 to 1200 m were analyzed from the aspect of phytocenology. On these locations recordings were made and samples were taken for analysis in the period 2002-2005 and in year 2008. Total of 8 associations were analyzed, and two of them Agrostietum vulgarae Z. Pavl. 1955. sensu lato. and Festucetum vallesiacae Borisavljević 1956. occurred repeatedly on several location and different time interval of analysis. Beside mentioned two associations the following were also analyzed: Arrhenatheretum elatioris Br.-Bl. 1925.senso lato, Festuco-Chrysopogonetum grylli Ranđ. 1977., Danthonietum calycinae Cinc. et Kojić 1958., Medicago falcata-Festucetum rubrae, Trifolio campestre- Agrostietum vulgaris i Festuco vallesiacae-Agrostieutum vulgaris Danon et Blaž.1978 on 17 locations. Number of species in analyzed associations was from 34 to 77. Beside number of plant species also their share categorized in categories of high qualiity grasses, high quality leguminous plants and useful species from other families, as well as harmful i.e. weed species. Main quality parameters were established in samples from all associations. Objective of analyses of natural grasslands was to establish share of high quality plant species, which is reflected directly through production and quality of plant mass grazed by small ruminants, sheep and goats.Proizvodnja organske, biološki vredne hrane je danas svetski trend, a koja se u našoj zemlji uspešno može ostvariti u proizvodnji mesa i mleka sitnih preživara, ovaca i koza u brdsko-planinskom području. Naime, travnjaci u ovim područjima su još uvek sačuvani od upotrebe mineralnih đubriva i hemijskih sredstava za zaštitu bilja pa je proizvodnja zdrave hrane još uvek moguća uz minimalna ulaganja. Zbog toga, izuzetno je značajan kvalitet biljne mase, odnosno zastupljenost kvalitetnih biljnih vrsta u travnjaku, kao i mogućnosti za povećanje njihovog procentualnog učešća u travnjaku. U tom cilju obavljena su istraživanja i analizirane, s aspekta fitocenologije, najrasprostranjenije biljne zajednice na Staroj planini na nadmorskoj visini od 650-1200 m. Na ovim lokalitetima snimci su pravljeni i uzimani uzorci za analizu 2002-2005 i 2008. godine. Analizirano je 8 asocijacija, s tim što su se dve asocijacije, Agrostietum vulgarae Z. Pavl. 1955. sensu lato. i Festucetum vallesiacae Borisavljević 1956. ponavljale kako na različitim lokalitetima tako i u vremenskom intervalu analiziranja. Pored ovih analizirane su i asocijacije: Arrhenatheretum elatioris Br.-Bl. 1925.senso lato, Festuco-Chrysopogonetum grylli Ranđ. 1977., Danthonietum calycinae Cinc. et Kojić 1958., Medicago falcata-Festucetum rubrae, Trifolio campestre-Agrostietum vulgaris i Festuco vallesiacae-Agrostieutum vulgaris Danon et Blaž. 1978. na 17 lokaliteta. Broj vrsta u analiziranim zajednicama je 34-77. Analizirano je pored brojnosti i pokrovnosti biljnih vrsta i njihovo učešće svrstanih u kategorije kvalitetnih trava, kvalitetnih leguminoza i korisnih vrsta drugih familija, kao i štetnih, odnosno korovskih vrsta. U uzorcima iz svih zajednica utvrđeni su osnovni parametri kvaliteta. Cilj ovih analiza prirodnih travnjaka je utvrđivanje učešća kvalitetnih vrsta biljaka, koje se direktno odražavaju kroz produkciju i kvalitet biljne mase koju ispasaju sitni preživari, koze i ovce

Uticaj đubrenja azotom na proizvodne i kvalitativne osobine sejanih travnjaka u sistemu održive proizvodnje

Nitrogen fixation in grass-leguminous mixtures is not sufficient to satisfy the nitrogen requirements of plants, therefore it is necessary to compensate this deficiency by nitrogen from mineral fertilizers. Objective of this study is to present the effect of N application in grass-leguminous mixtures on their production and qualitative properties, i.e. to give an answer to the question if application of nitrogen fertilizers results in the increase or decrease of yield, quality and changes in the structural composition of the grassland. N from mineral fertilizers, especially considerable amounts of nitrogen, changes the structural composition of grasslands - the share of leguminous plants decreases and share of grasses increases. Yield of dry matter increases with added nitrogen fertilizers. The amounts of nitrogen fertilizer which exceed the requirements of plants reduce the economical justification of fertilization and sometimes can have even opposite effect. Nitrogen fertilization increases the content of crude proteins and protein yield, whereas other quality parameters decrease or remain unchanged. Too much nitrogen in crops leads to nitrate accumulation in plants which is undesirable quality parameter.Azotofiksacijom u travno-leguminoznim smešama nije moguće zadovoljiti potrebe biljaka za azotom, pa je potrebno taj nedostatak nadoknaditi azotom iz mineralnih đubriva. Cilj ovog rada jeste da prikaže efekat primene N đubriva u travno leguminoznim smešama na njihove proizvodne i kvalitativne karakteristike, odnosno da da odgovor na pitanje da li upotrebom azotnih djubriva dolazi do povećanja ili smanjenja prinosa, kvaliteta kao i promena strukturnog sastava travnjaka. N iz mineralnih đubriva, naročito visoke količine azota, menjaju strukturni sastav travnjaka tako što smanjuju udeo leguminoza, a povećavaju udeo trava. Prinos suve materije se povećava dodavanjem azota đubrivima. Količine koje prevazilaze potrebe biljaka za azotom smanjuju ekonomsku opravdanost đubrenja i nekad mogu da imaju suprotan efekat. Đubrenje azotom povećava sadržaj sirovih proteina i prinos proteina, dok se ostali parametri kvaliteta smanjuju ili ostaju nepromenjeni. Prevelike količine azota u usevu dovode do nagomilavanja nitrata u biljkama kao nepoželjnog parametra kvaliteta

Identifikacija i kvantifikacija gljiva u travno-leguminoznoj silaži

Objective of the research was to determine the presence, total count and species of fungi in samples of grass-leguminous silages depending on the botanical composition of mixture, nitrogen fertilization and crop utilization phase. Most of identified fungi species are of Fusarium genus (80-91%). In analyzed samples of silage total fungi count in average for three year period of research (2005-2007) was 2.31-3.09 log10 CFU g-1 and it varied depending on the investigated factors. Factor of type of mixture had significant effect on fungi count in first two investigation years, whereas nitrogen fertilization caused variations in fungi count in the first and third investigation year. Cutting in early utilization phases statistically significantly influenced total fungi count only in one investigation year (2006).Cilj istraživanja je bio da se odredi prisustvo, ukupan broj i vrste gljiva u uzorcima silaža travno-leguminoznih smeša u zavisnosti od botaničkog sastava smeše, đubrenja azotom i faze iskorišćavanja useva. Većinom su identifikovane vrste gljiva iz roda Fusarium (80-91%). U ispitivanim uzorcima silaže ukupan broj gljiva u proseku za trogodišnji period istraživanja (2005-2007) je bio od 2.31-3.09 log10 CFU g-1 i varirao je u zavisnosti od ispitivanih faktora. Faktor vrsta smeše je značajno uticao na broj gljiva u prve dve godine istraživanja, dok je đubrenje azotom prouzrokovalo variranja u broju gljiva u prvoj i trećoj godini istraživanja. Kosidba u ranijim fazama iskoršćivanja statistički značajno je uticala na ukupan broj gljiva samo u jednoj godini istraživanja (2006)

Floristic composition of permanent grassland in the nature park Stara Planina (Serbia)

The five most important meadow associations on the Stara Planina Mountain in National Park "Stara Planina" were analysed in order to define initial parameters for determination of grassland potential, as well as natural resources for production of biologically valuable and high quality food and revitalization of agricultural production in hilly-mountainous region. Floristic composition of five meadow associations is presented: Medicago falcate - Festucetum rubrae at three locations around the Pirot, Triflolio - Agrostietum stoloniferae Lj. Mark. 1973, Agrostietum vulgaris Z. Pavl. 1955, two ass. Festucetum vallesiaceae - Agrostietum vulgaris Danon et Blaz. 1978 and Festuco-Agrostietum Horv. (1951) 1982.em Trinajest.1972 one. All five associations are around Dimitrovgrad. First association of Festucetum vallesiaceae - Agrostietum vulgaris Danon et Blaz. 1978 had the highest diversity with the total number of 75 species. The number of species in investigated associations was: grasses from 8 to 23, legumes from 8 to 17 and other species from 21 to 34. Participation of major meadow species based on their mass is presented in the paper. On the basis of their productivity the species belong to the associations of useful grasses, useful legumes and other useful species and weeds. The study of grasslands was done in order to establish production potentials and quality of grasslands used for grazing of small ruminants, i.e. sheep and goats

Uticaj goveđeg loja u ishrani jagnjadi na tovne i klanične karakteristike

Trial was carried out on 60 suckling lambs of Mis sheep population, divided into three groups. Beside milk, lambs consumed alfalfa hay and iso-protein concentrate mixtures (15% CP) ad libitum. Forage mixture I was of standard composition, whereas mixtures II and III contained 4 and 6% of beef tallow, respectively. Energy value of used mixtures I, II and III was 7,29, 7,71 and 7,94 MJ, respectively. Fattening duration was 60 days. Statistical processing of obtained data was performed using standard mathematical-statistical methods. Lambs on treatments I:II:III realized average daily gain of: 0,280 : 0,303 : 0,277 kg. Conversion of dry matter of diet was: 2,68: 2,58: 2,93 kg; of energy: 19,08 : 18,37 : 20,71 MJ NEM; of protein: 481 : 451: 514 g. Values of the meat yield of warm carcass were: 57,89 : 58,63 : 58,46%. The best production results in regard to gain, and feed conversion were realized by lambs on treatment with 4% of beef tallow in the mixtures.Ogled je izveden na 60 neodbijene jagnjadi Mis populacije ovaca koji su bili podeljeni u tri grupe. Osim mleka, jagnjad su konzumirala seno lucerke i izoproteinske smeše koncentrata (15% SP) ad libitum. Krmna smeša I je bila standardnog sastava, dok su smeše II i III sadržavale 4, odnosno 6% goveđeg loja. Energetska vrednost korišćenih smeša I, II i III je bila 7,29, 7,71 i 7,94 MJ, respektivno. Trajanje tova je bilo 60 dana. Statistička obrada podataka je urađena standardnim matematičko-statističkim metodama. Jagnjad na tretmanima I:II:III su ostvarila prosečni dnevni prirast od 0,280 : 0,303 : 0,277 kg. Konverzija suve materije obroka je bila 2,68: 2,58: 2,93 kg, energije, 19,08 : 18,37 : 20,71 MJ NEM, proteina, 481 : 451: 514 g. Vrednosti za prinos mesa u toplom trupu su bile 57,89 : 58,63 : 58,46%. Najbolje proizvodne rezultate u pogledu prirasta i konverzije hrane su ostvarila jagnjad na tretmanu sa 4% goveđeg loja u smešama

Nerazgradiv protein - značajan faktor balansiranja obroka za jagnjad u tovu

Although sheep breeding in our country mainly had extensive character, there is still room for implementation of the new concept of expression of nutritional value of proteins, primarily in fattening of lambs. For the purpose of maximum use of the genetic potential of high-yielding meat/fattening sheep breeds, share of undegradable protein in diet must be taken into consideration, since high protein requirements of such animals cannot be satisfied by microbial protein synthesis from usual protein and energy sources. Therefore, in contemporary, science based systems for assessment of protein value of feeds, degradability of proteins from food in rumen plays major role. In absence of data in domestic literature related to undegradability of proteins in certain feeds, results obtained in this study should be perceived as direction for future norming of diets in fattening of lambs in the intensive rearing system.Iako ovčarska proizvodnja u našoj zemlji ima uglavnom ekstenzivan karakter, u njoj ipak ima mesta za primenu novog koncepta izražavanja hranidbene vrednosti proteina, pre svega u tovu jagnjadi. U cilju maksimalnog iskorišćavanja genetskog potencijala visokoproizvodnih rasa ovaca za meso, mora se voditi računa o udelu nerazgradivog proteina u obroku, s obzirom da se mikrobiološkom sintezom proteina iz uobičajenih izvora proteina i energije ne mogu zadovoljiti visoke potrebe takvih grla u proteinima. Zbog toga, u savremenim, naučno zasnovanim sistemima za ocenu proteinske vrednosti hraniva, važno mesto zauzima razgradivost proteina hrane u buragu. U nedostatku domaćih podataka o nerazgradivosti proteina pojedinih hraniva, rezultate istraživanja u ovom radu treba shvatiti kao davanje određenih rešenja i putokaz za normiranje obroka za tov jagnjadi u intenzivnom sistemu gajenja

Genotipski odgovor dve sorte soje sa smanjenim sadržajem KTI na primenu različitih količina azota

The aim of this investigation was to estimate the effects of different amounts of nitrogen on the grain yield and nutritive value in two soybean genotypes (Laura and Lana). Studied varieties belong to different maturity groups (Laura is in the group I, while Lana is in the group II) and they both have reduced content of Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI). Four treatments of fertilization were tested: 0 kg N ha-1, 30 kg N ha-1, 60 kg N ha-1 and 90 kg N ha-1. Field trials were carried out in dry land farming, at location Putinci, during the years 2008 and 2009. In both research years, variety Lana had higher grain yield and oil content then variety Laura. Method of nitrogen fertilization has been proved as an effective tool for increasing of grain yield and protein content in both varieties. The results of the study showed that application of 90 kg N ha-1 increased the grain yield and protein content of soybean more than application of other treatments (0, 30 and 60 kg N ha- 1). All nitrogen fertilization levels decreased the oil content.Cilj istraživanja bio je da se odredi uticaj različite količine azota na prinos zrna i hranljivu vrednost zrna kod dva genotipa soje (Laura i Lana). Ispitivane sorte soje pripadaju različitim grupama zrenja (Laura - I i Lana - II) i imaju smanjeni sadržaj Kunitz tripsin inhibitora (KTI). Upoređivane su četiri varijante ishrane biljaka azotom: 0 kg N ha-1, 30 kg N ha-1, 60 kg N ha-1 i 90 kg N ha-1. Ogledi su izvedeni u suvom ratarenju, na lokaciji Putinci, tokom 2008. i 2009. godine. U obe godine istraživanja, sorta Lana imala je veći prinos zrna i sadržaj ulja nego sorta Laura. Ishrana azotom pokazala se kao uspešna metoda za poboljšanje prinosa zrna i sadržaja proteina kod obe sorte. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da je primena 90 kg N ha-1 povećala prinos zrna soje i sadržaj proteina u zrnu više nego primena drugih tretmana (0, 30 i 60 kg N ha-1). Svi nivoi ishrane azotom smanjili su sadržaj ulja

The effect of nitrogen fertilization on quality and yield of grass-legume mixtures

Studies were carried out in pure stands of three grasses: cocksfoot, meadow fescue and perennial ryegrass, and lucerne, as well as their mixtures with different ratios of individual components. The trial was carried out on an experimental field of the Institute for Animal Husbandry (Belgrade, Serbia). Fertilization with N caused a significant increase of yield. The highest yields were determined in treatments with 100 kg N ha(-1), and the lowest in treatments without fertilization. Fertilization increased significantly the CP content, but without impact on other quality parameters. CP, NDF and ADF differed significantly in various crops

Prinos i kvalitet krmnih smeša lucerke sa ježevicom i visokim vijukom u zavisnosti od đubrenja azotom

The study was performed at the Institute for Animal Husbandry in the three year period, in field and laboratory conditions. The experiment involved two mixtures of grasses and legumes: mixture A ( alfalfa (cv. K -28 ), 50% and cocksfoot (cv. K-40 ), 50% ) and mixture B (alfalfa (cv. K -28 ), 33.3 % , cocksfoot (cv. K -40) , 33.3 %, and tall fescue (cv. K -20) , 33.3 % ), and pure stand of alfalfa (M). The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with four replications. Fertilization was carried out using the split method, in quantities of 0, 70 and 140 kg N ha -1. The aim of this study was to determine the phytocoenological stability of mixture of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) with cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), the yield and quality of fodder obtained from the grassland, depending on the mixture composition and nitrogen fertilization. Studied factors had a statistically significant impact on dry matter yield and protein yield. Alfalfa has achieved significantly higher yields compared to its mixtures. Dry matter yield increased with the addition of N fertilizers. Protein yield was highest in pure alfalfa crop, followed by its mixture cocksfoot. Fertilization has also increased protein yield.Ispitivanja su rađena u Institutu za stočarstvo u trogodišnjem periodu ispitivanja u poljskim i laboratorijskim uslovima. U eksperiment su uključene dve smeše trava i leguminoza: Smeša A (lucerka (K-28), 50% i ježevica (cv. K-40), 50%) i Smeša B (lucerka (K-28), 33,3%, ježevica (cv. K-40), 33,3% i visoki vijuk (cv.K-20), 33,3%), kao i čist usev lucerke (M). Ogled je izveden po metodu slučajnog blok sistema u četiri ponavljanja, Đubrenje travnjaka je obavljeno split metodom, količinama od 0, 70 i 140 kgN ha-1. Cilj ovih istraživanja je da odredi fitocenološku postojanost smeša lucerke (Medicago sativa L.) sa ježevicom (Dactylis glomerata L.) i visokim vijukom (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), prinos i kvalitet dobijene stočne hrane sa travnjaka u zavisnosti od sastava smeše i đubrenja azotnim đubrivima. Ispitivani faktori imali su statistički značajnog uticaja na prinos suve materije i prinos proteina. Lucerka je ostvarila značajno veće prinose u odnosu na njene smeše. Prinosi suve materijeSM su se povećavali dodatkom N mineralnih đubriva. Prinos proteina bio je najveći u čistom usevu lucerke, a zatim u smeši lucerke i ježevice. Đubrenje je takođe povećalo prinos proteina

Genotype, seed age and pH impacts on germination of alfalfa

The aim of this investigation was to estimate the effects of pH levels of germination media (5, 6, 7 and 8) and seed age (9 and 1 years) on germination and early seedling growth in five Serbian alfalfa cultivars (K-22, K-23, NS Banat, NS Mediana and ZA-83). The experiment was conducted in the laboratory conditions of the Institute for Animal Husbandry in Belgrade in October 2010. Cultivars and seed age had significant effect (p (lt) = 0.01) on the germination energy (GE), germination (G), percentage of dead or infected seeds (DIS), percentage of hard seed (HS), normal (NS) and abnormal seedlings (AS), root length (RL), shoot length (ShL), seedling length (SeL), dry weight (DW) and seedling vigor index (SVI). The pH levels of germination media had significant effect (p (lt) = 0.01) on the GE, NS, AS, RL, ShL, SeL, fresh weight of seedling (FW), DW and SVI. Also pH had significant effect (p (lt) = 0.05) on the G and DIS. Results indicate genetic variability exists among Serbian alfalfa cultivars for pH tolerance, which can be useful for alfalfa breeding program to develop alfalfa germplasm tolerant to this stress