Italian consumers’ willingness to pay for renewable energy sources

EU Directive 2009/72/CE imposes to the European Countries environmental and energy targets. The Italian goal is to attain a 17% share in electricity production from renewable energy sources (RES) by 2020. To make investment in renewables attractive, market prices must be profitable and the gap between the private and social costs of renewables must be filled using “persuasive” tools. The acceptance of such a burden may be controversial because it results in an increase in prices. It is interesting to estimate the consumer’s willingness to pay (WTP) for green electricity. We based our research on a national survey conducted in November 2007 in Italy. We used a stochastic payment card (SPC) including a “certainty correction” and proposing five degrees of acceptance. An empirical analysis shows that there is a substantial willingness among Italian consumers to partially cover the cost of achieving the RES goal.contingent valuation; interval data; stochastic payment card; renewable energy sources

The willingness to pay for Renewable Energy Sources (RES): the case of Italy with different survey approaches and under different EU “climate vision”. First results.

In reference to the “Renewable Sources” EU Directive 2001/77/CE the Italian goal, for 2010, is to attain the share of 22% in RES electricity production. In such context it becomes crucial to explore the existence of consumer’s Willingness to Pay (WTP) in order to use green energy in the electricity production. This study is founded on a national survey with 1601 phone interviews made, in Italy, at the end of November 2006. This paper focus much on three issues. First one, how the different elicitation affects respondents choices, second one on the relationship between a “single point value” and “a valuation distribution” and finally on the gaps between different formats as: bidding game and dichotomous referendum (single bounded) contingent valuation method. In all the elicitations formats we make a “certainty correction” proposing five degree of acceptance: definitely yes and no (DY, DN), probably yes and no (PY, PN) and don’t know (DK). In order to apply the quantitative analysis, the original dataset has been appropriately treated, recoding DK, PN and PY responses. With regard to the results we found a significant path dependences in respondents answers due to the elicitation formats. Another important result is that also in “conservative” way we found a substantial willingness of consumers to partially cover the cost of Italian RES goal.bidding game, contingent valuation, renewable energy sources, descending and ascending elicitation format

Assessing the Determinants of Renewable Electricity Acceptance Integrating Meta-Analysis Regression and a Local Comprehensive Survey

In dealing with renewable electricity (RE), individuals are involved both as end-consumers on the demand side and as stakeholders (citizens) in the local production process on the supply side. Empirical evidence shows that in many countries, consumers are willing to pay a significant amount to facilitate adoption of RE. By contrast, environmental externalities are often the cause of strong opposition to RE adoption if local communities are involved as stakeholders in wind, solar or biomass investment projects. Looking at the literature on willingness to pay and on willingness to accept, we have investigated RE acceptance mechanisms. First, we have used the meta-analysis to assess the major determinants of RE acceptance on both demand and supply sides. Meta-analysis has provided some insights useful for managing field research on an onshore wind farm enlargement project located in the Umbria region. Meta-analysis and survey results confirm that the local community plays a central role in local RE acceptance. Furthermore, people who have previous experience with windmills require less compensation, or are willing to pay more, for RE development. Results suggest that these attributes should be included in future research to improve understanding of determinants of RE acceptance

Ambiente operativo ed efficienza nel settore del Trasporto Pubblico Locale in Italia

This paper assesses the impact of environmental factors on the efficiency of public transit system within a DEAbased mixed framework. Using a sample of 100 Italian companies, we implement a two-stage method in order to investigate the impact of environmental effects into DEA inefficiency measures. The results point out the relevance of environmental effects and consequently the bias of deterministic DEA approach.DEA, two-stage, environmental effects, local public tranpsort

L’analisi delle determinanti della domanda di trasporto pubblico nella città di Perugia.

Nell’ambito della promozione del trasporto pubblico locale la città di Perugia si è mossa, in periodi storici diversi, nelle direzioni di promuovere un sistema integrato di trasporto, inclusivo degli ascensori e delle scale mobili, e di realizzare la riforma tariffaria. Il risultato di queste scelte è stato il raggiungimento, negli ultimi dieci anni, di una posizione di preminenza nel panorama nazionale del trasporto pubblico dato che dal 1996 la domanda di viaggi è in costante aumento, e da allora la domanda è complessivamente aumentata del 48%. L’obiettivo del presente lavoro è duplice. Il primo obiettivo è quello di individuare i fattori sottostanti alla prestazione del trasporto pubblico locale a Perugia e conseguentemente si è stimato un sistema di equazioni esplicativo delle funzione di domanda aggregata per i bus e per il sistema ferroviario urbano. L’intento è di stimare le elasticità della domanda rispetto ai principali attributi del trasporto pubblico locale ed alle principali caratteristiche socio-demografiche. Il secondo obiettivo è quello di valutare l'impatto della riforma tariffaria e le conseguenze della introduzione dei biglietti multi corsa attraverso la stima di un sistema di equazioni relative alle domande di viaggi per le diverse tipologie di biglietto al fine di stimare sia le elasticità dirette che quelle incrociate.Trasporto pubblico, funzione di domanda, tipologie titoli di viaggio

The Question of Sustainability of Green Electricity Policy Intervention

In this paper, we analyse the financial viability and economic sustainability implications of government programs for the development of renewable energy sources, explicitly considering that consumers take environmental issues into account. We envisage a broad policy strategy for the future, which we label the "World Sustainable Scenario", and we quantify the inter-temporal resource requirement in terms of investment necessary to achieve it. We perform an empirical meta-analysis to quantify the willingness to pay for green electricity worldwide. Subsequently, we compare the amount of resources required according to policy programs and the populations' willingness to sacrifice current resources for future benefits ( i.e. , willingness to finance future investments) to assess the plausibility of current policies. The main empirical findings show that the population's attitude toward green electricity will support, on average, 50% of the total investment required. We conclude that this is a positive result, which will make possible the success of the renewable energy sources development policy

Balancing energy security priorities: portfolio optimization approach to oil imports

The notion of energy security in most interpretations includes the physical supply and price affordability components, making financial risks a crucial part of energy security strategies. Mainstrea..

Análisis químico de plomo puro : separación de bismuto, plata y cobre por electrólisis interna y determinación colorimétrica de los mismos

I.- Consideraciones generales.- Se dan las especificaciones para plomo puro y los métodos parasu análisis químico utilizado en los Laboratorios de Obras Sanitariasde la Nación, traducción del B.S.I. N°334, con modificacionesde forma que facilitan su aplicacién (esquema) y las Normas A.S.T.M. - Chemical Analysis of Pig Lead - Designación E-37-50-T (Methods for Chemical Analysis of Metals). II.- Parte Experimental.- a) Electrólisis Interna: Se estudió la separación de bismuto,plata y cobre de plomo puro por electrólisis interna, haciendosemediciones de intensidad de corriente, fuerza electromotrizy tiempos necesarios para un depósito completo de las impurezas antes señaladas. De acuerdo con las experiencias realizadas, se pudo establecer que en condiciones dadas es posibletener un depósito completo después de 10 minutos de comenzara electrolizar la solución. b) Espectrofotometría: Se dan las características principalesdel espectrofotómetro "JOUAN" utilizado en el presente trabajo. c) Desterminación espectrofotomátrica de bismuto: como complejocoloreado bismuto-tiourea. Se estudiaron las condiciones óptimaspara su realización; concentración de reactivos, longitud de onda, filtro y temperatura; se contruyó la curva de calibración yestudió las interferencias posibles. Interferencia del ión plata: Concentración de ión plata hasta 100:l con respecto al bismuto no interfiere. Interferencia del ión cobre: concentraciones de ión cobre hasta 80:1 con respecto al bismuto no interfieren o sea éste interfiereen concentraciones superiores a 0,40% de cobre en plomo puro. Influencia de la concentración de ácido nítrico: concentraciones de acido nítrico superiores a 6 veces las indicadas recien influyensobre la lectura espectrofotométrica. Se propone la técnica para efecturar la determinación de bismutoen plomo puro, previa separación por electrólisis interna. El método propuesto se aplicó en muestras de distintas procedenciascuyos valores figuran en la tabla N° VIII. d) Determinación turbidimétrica de plata: como cloruro de plata. Se estudiaron las condiciones óptimas para su medición: concentración de reactivos, longitud de onda, filtro, temperatura, tiempode agitación; se construyó la curva de calibración y estudiaron lasinterferencias posibles. Interferencia del ión bismuto: las lecturas fotométricas son afectadaspor concentraciones de bismuto superiores a 8 mgr de bismutopor 100 ml. de solución. Si la determinacion se hace sobre 5 gr. demuestra, 8 mgr. de bismuto equivalen a 0,16 gr%gr de plomo. Interferencia del ión cobre: concentraciones de ión cobre superioresa 8 mgr. de cobre por 100 ml. de solución afectan las lecturas. Sila determinación se hace sobre 5 gr. de muestra 8 mgr. de cobreequivalen a 0,16 gr%gr de plomo. Influencia del ácido nítrico: concentraciones de ácido nítrico l0veces superiores a las indicadas afectan las lecturas fotométricas. Se propone la técnica a seguir para efectuar la determinación deplata en plomo puro, previa separación por electrólisis interna. El método propuesto se aplicó en muestras de distintas procedenciascuyos valores figuran en la tabla N° XV. e) Determinación espectrofotométrica de cobre: como complejo coloreadoen solución bromo-ácido bromhídrico; se estudiaron las condicionesóptimas de concentracion de reactivos, longitud de onda, filtro y temperatura; se construyó la curva de calibración y estudiaronlas interferencias posibles. Interferencia del ión bismubo: las extinciones no varian por la presenciade hasta 2,5 mgr de ión bismuto en 25 ml de solución. Interferencia del ión plata: Las extinciones no varía por la presenciade hasta 10,0 mg. de ión plata en 25 ml de solución. Influencia de la concentración del ácido bromhídrico: de las experienciasrealizadas se puede diluir el ácido bromhídrico con hasta 5 ml. de agua en 25 ml de solución. Se prepone la técnica a seguir para la determinación de cobre en plomo puroprevia separación por electrólisis interna. El método propuesto se aplicó en muestras de plomos puros de distintasprocedencias cuyos valores figuran en la tabla N° XX.Fil: Bigerna, Dionisio. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina

Italian consumers’ willingness to pay for renewable energy sources

EU Directive 2009/72/CE imposes to the European Countries environmental and energy targets. The Italian goal is to attain a 17% share in electricity production from renewable energy sources (RES) by 2020. To make investment in renewables attractive, market prices must be profitable and the gap between the private and social costs of renewables must be filled using “persuasive” tools. The acceptance of such a burden may be controversial because it results in an increase in prices. It is interesting to estimate the consumer’s willingness to pay (WTP) for green electricity. We based our research on a national survey conducted in November 2007 in Italy. We used a stochastic payment card (SPC) including a “certainty correction” and proposing five degrees of acceptance. An empirical analysis shows that there is a substantial willingness among Italian consumers to partially cover the cost of achieving the RES goal

estimating the household consumption function in saudi arabia an error correction approach

ABSTRACTWe estimate a micro-founded life-cycle consumption model for Saudi Arabia over the period 1970–2017 using error correction model procedures. Dynamic adjustments are significant, and both in..