Variability of imposex development and reproductive alterations in the Patagonian gastropod Buccinanops globulosus inhabiting a polluted harbour area

El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar parámetros reproductivos y desarrollo de imposex en el caenogasterópodo Buccinanops globulosus que habita en una zona portuaria de alto tráfico marítimo y con presencia de contaminantes. Los resultados mostraron una mayor incidencia de imposex en hembras sin ovicápsulas que en hembras con ovicápsulas. Entre las hembras con imposex, el desarrollo del pene fue significativamente mayor en aquellas sin ovicápsulas (3.4 mm) que en las hembras con ovicápsulas (1,5 mm). En B. globulosus comúnmente un solo juvenil eclosiona por cada cápsula, sin embargo, en este estudio se registraron capsulas con múltiples embriones. Todos estos resultados sugieren una relación entre el desarrollo de imposex y alteraciones en los parámetros reproductivos de las hembras de B. globulosus que habitan en sitios con condiciones ambientales adversas (área contaminada).The aim of this work was to study the reproductive output and imposex parameters of the caenogastropod Buccinanops globulosus inhabiting a harbour area, with high maritime traffic and pollution. The results showed higher imposex incidence for non-gravid females than for gravid females (carrying egg capsules). Among imposex-affected females, mean penis size was significantly larger in non-gravid (3.4 mm) than gravid (1.5 mm) females. In B. globulosus usually a single juvenile hatches per egg capsule, but in this study capsules with multiple embryos were found. Overall, these results suggest a relationship between imposex development and alterations on the reproductive output of B. globulosus females living in adverse environmental conditions (polluted area).Fil: Primost, Monica Angelina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos; ArgentinaFil: Averbuj, Andres. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos; ArgentinaFil: Bigatti, Gregorio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco"; Argentin

High bioaccumulation of cadmium and other metals in Patagonian edible gastropods

High concentrations of metals are accumulated by edible marine resources, affecting human health. Marine gastropods have been commercially captured and consumed in Argentina for decades without official regulations or studies to guarantee their safety. In this study, metals (cadmium, aluminium, iron, zinc, copper and lead) were analysed for the first time in the edible marine gastropods Buccinanops globulosus, Adelomelon ancilla and Trophon geversianus and their surrounding sediments. Taking into account the maximum levels recommended by national and international regulations for food safety, we recommend consuming only the foot of these gastropod species. We recommend not consuming these gastropods from harbour areas due to concentrations of lead in sediments and tissues. Though the target hazard quotient (THQ) of cadmium was not high for the local community, it could be higher for other populations who consume molluscs more frequently, indicating a potential health risk of chronic exposure. Monitoring of these and other contaminants should be performed in order to ensure food safety of these marine resources.Fil: Primost, Monica Angelina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos; ArgentinaFil: Gil, Mónica N.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Bigatti, Gregorio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia; Argentin

Population biology of the sea star Anasterias minuta (Forcipulatida: Asteriidae) threatened by anthropogenic activities in rocky intertidal shores of San Matías Gulf, Patagonia, Argentina

In Patagonian coastal areas, intertidal benthic communities are exposed to extreme physical conditions. The interaction between harsh environment and anthropogenic pressure can generate changes in population biology of marine invertebrates, like density and reproduction. The oral brooding sea star Anasterias minuta is a key organism in food chains of Atlantic Patagonian rocky intertidals, hence changes on its population structure can negatively affect shore communities. We studied the population biology of A. minuta and assess the effect of environmental parameters and anthropogenic activities on its population on rocky intertidal shores of San Matías Gulf, Patagonia, Argentina. Seasonal sea surface temperature, pH, salinity, water velocity, desiccation rate, boulders density, and anthropogenic influence (tourists and octopus fishermen) were recorded. In sites with less tourist influence and high refuge, an increase in density was recorded, especially during the summer. Brooding individuals were found in fall and winter, while feeding individuals were observed in all seasons (12 different prey, mainly the molluscs Tegula patagonica and Perumytilus purpuratus). Environmental variables such as boulders density and water velocity were the most important predictor of variation in population structure. Tourism and pH were the most important variables negatively correlated with density.Fil: Arribas, Lorena Pilar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos; ArgentinaFil: Bagur Creta, Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ; Argentina. Grupo de Investigación y Educación en Temas Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Palomo, Maria Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ; Argentina. Grupo de Investigación y Educación en Temas Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Bigatti, Gregorio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia; Argentin

Imposex in gastropods from Venezuela

Se denomina imposex a la aparición de caracteres sexuales secundarios en hembras de neogasterópodos producidos por laexposición a tributil-estaño (TBT). No existen hasta la fecha reportes de este fenómeno en el Caribe sur, donde habitanpoblaciones de gasterópodos marinos que son comestibles y explotados comercialmente. Con el fin de determinar si elfenómeno de imposex afecta a poblaciones de gasterópodos, realizamos muestreos en diferentes zonas en Isla Margarita y lazona continental de Venezuela con distintos niveles de actividad náutica. Las especies afectadas fueron Chicoreus brevifrons,Chicoreus (Phylonotus) margaritensis y Leucozonia nasa; sin embargo, no se encontraron hembras con la vagina obstruida. Seencontró imposex en una laguna costera con alta densidad de botes pintados con anti-incrustantes, mientras que en costasabiertas y con bajo tránsito marino el fenómeno no fue observado. Una encuesta realizada con dueños de embarcaciones revelóque el TBT no se utiliza desde dos a tres años previos al presente estudio, pero ha sido reemplazado con otras pinturas anti-incrustantes. Este es el primer reporte de imposex en Venezuela, pero se necesitan otros estudios utilizando los bioindicadoresidentificados en este trabajo para determinar la dispersión de la contaminación por TBT y sus implicancias biológicas en zonascon tránsito marino.The imposex phenomenon is a superimposition of male characters on gastropod females due to exposure to tributyltin (TBT). There have been no previous reports of this phenomenon in the southern Caribbean, which is inhabited by some edible and commercially exploited gastropod populations. To determine whether imposex is affecting some of these local gastropod populations, surveys were conducted at several sites with different levels of boating activity around Margarita Island and on the continental coast of Venezuela. The species affected were Chicoreus brevifrons, Chicoreus (Phylonotus) margaritensis and Leucozonia nasa; however, no females with obstructed vagina were observed. Imposex was observed in a coastal lagoon and on the coast at sites characterized by medium to high boat concentrations, but was not detected in open waters with low marine traffic. A survey of local boat operators indicated that the use of TBT had stopped 2–3 years prior to this study and had been replaced by regular application of other antifouling paints. This is the first report of imposex in Venezuela, but further studies incorporating the bioindicators identified here are needed in order to determine the full extent of TBT contamination and the biological implications in zones with marine traffic.Fil: Miloslavich, P.. Universidad Simon Bolivar.; VenezuelaFil: Penchaszadeh, Pablo Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Bigatti, Gregorio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; Argentin

The Importance of Surface Orientation in Biodiversity Monitoring Protocols: The Case of Patagonian Rocky Reefs

Temperate rocky reefs in Atlantic Patagonia are productive areas that support a high diversity of invertebrates, algae, and fishes. Complex surface structures on rocky reefs offer a range of microhabitats, which in turn, lead to a broad variety of co existing species. Despite their ecological importance and the ecosystem services they provide, Patagonian rocky reef habitats have received limited attention. Until now studies have not discerned nor consequently described the assemblages found on each of the different surface orientations, namely horizontal, vertical, overhang and cavefloor. During this study we developed a protocol for sampling different surface orientations on subtidal rocky reefs using georeferenced high-resolution photoquadrats. We described and compared the epibenthic assemblage of surface orientations on 7 rocky reefs within 1–25 m depth in a northern Patagonia gulf. A total of 70 taxa were identified (12 macroalgae, 44 invertebrates, 10 tunicates, and 4 fishes), which doubles the number of species previously reported for the area. Each surface orientation presented a different assemblage structure while species richness was higher on vertical surfaces. The overhang surfaces had the most distinct assemblage conformed by cnidarians, tunicates, sponges and the absence of algae. The average overall species richness increased with depth due to the increase of sponge and tunicate species. Our results highlight the need of including several surface orientations in rocky reef biodiversity monitoring. This study offers a protocol for large-scale programs aimed at monitoring changes in biodiversity, which is broadly accessible and will provide accurate information. With robust yet simple, non-destructive and relatively low-cost practices this protocol can adequately assess changes in marine habitats, which provide important ecosystem services.Fil: Bravo, Gonzalo. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco"; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos; ArgentinaFil: Livore, Juan Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos; ArgentinaFil: Bigatti, Gregorio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco"; Argentina. Universidad Espíritu Santo; Ecuado

Potential invasion of the Atlantic coast of South America by Semimytilus algosus (Gould, 1850)

The mytilid Semimytilus algosus (Gould, 1850) was collected from a fishing vessel after an in-water hull cleaning operation at Nuevo Gulf, north Patagonia, Argentina. This species is native to the Pacific coast of South America and had not been detected on the Atlantic coast of this continent. Histological slides from male and female portions of gonads of a subsample of specimens showed spawning activity. The gonad stages observed were: developing stage, ready to spawn, spawning, or had already spawned, suggesting the possibility of establishment of a breeding population in the area. The water temperatures, its seasonal range, and the habitats occupied by S. algosus in its native area are very similar to those present in Nuevo Gulf. The plasticity of this species, and its rapid invasion in other regions of the world, suggest that it could become a new invasive species in the Southwestern Atlantic in the near future. Targeted monitoring of the rocky shores of Nuevo Gulf is recommended to determine whether this non-native species is at an early stage of becoming established.Fil: Bigatti, Gregorio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Signorelli, Javier Hernan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Schwindt, Evangelina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico; Argentin

Imposex in Voluta musica (Caenogastropoda: Volutidae) from Northeastern Península de Araya, Venezuela

Voluta musica is a dioecious marine gastropod endemic of the South Caribbean. Tributyltin (TBT) and copper (Cu) are potential inducers of imposex, an endocrine disorder by which females develop a penis and/or vas deferens. The goal of this work was to determine the imposex incidence in V. musica populations from Northeastern Península de Araya. For this, we selected three sites (Isla Caribe, Isla Lobos and Bajo Cuspe) and made monthly samplings of 15 snails in each site, during one year, and determined: (1) sizes; (2) sex and imposex incidence and (3) the Relative Penis Length Index (RPLI). We also performed histological analysis of the gonads, and measured TBT and Cu concentrations in sediments from the studied localities. Our results showed that the total number of sampled females affected by imposex was 24.5% at Isla Caribe, 12% at Isla Lobos, and none at Bajo Cuspe. In sediments, Cu was detected mostly in Isla Lobos. The female gonads with imposex did not show any development of male cells in any of the sampled sites. The higher percentage of females with imposex matched with the higher boat traffic locality, and higher TBT level (Isla Caribe). No esterilization was evident in this work, nevertheless, the presence of TBT and Cu in the sediments and females with imposex were considered as a potential threat to V. musica populations in this region. In Venezuela there is no control over this particular issue, possibly because of the lack of information and research in this topic, but certainly, this information will be useful in biodiversity conservation policiesVoluta musica es un gasterópodo dioico endémico del Caribe sur. El TBT y el Cu, son potenciales causantes del imposex, fenómeno donde las hembras desarrollan un pene y/o vaso deferente. El objetivo fue determinar la incidencia de imposex en V. musica en el noreste de la Península de Araya. Se seleccionaron tres localidades y se captura-ron mensualmente 15 individuos durante un año para determinar: (1) talla de los individuos; (2) sexo y presencia de imposex; (3) índice Largo Relativo del Pene (RPLI). Se realizó histología de la gónada de los individuos. Se determinó TBT y Cu en el sedimento de cada localidad. En Isla Caribe, el 24.5% de las hembras presentó imposex, y se halló 3.9ngSn/g de TBT; en Isla Lobos, el 12% de las hembras desarrollaron imposex; en Bajo del Cuspe no se observó imposex. Se halló Cu en mayor concentración en Isla Lobos. Las gónadas femeninas con imposex no demos-traron masculinización. El mayor porcentaje de imposex coincide con la localidad de mayor tráfico de embarcaciones y con mayor nivel de TBT (Isla Caribe). No se evidenció esterilización, sin embargo la presencia de TBT, Cu e imposex son potenciales amenazas para las poblaciones de V. musica en la región. Hasta ahora, en Venezuela no se está tomando ninguna medida de control sobre este tema en particular, posiblemente por la escasez de información y orientación de las investigaciones hacia este tema, pero que sin duda se debería tomar en cuenta en las políticas para la conservación de la biodiversidad.Fil: Peralta, Ana Carolina. Universidad Simon Bolivar. Centro de Biodiversidad Marina; VenezuelaFil: Miloslavich, Patricia. Universidad Simon Bolivar. Centro de Biodiversidad Marina; VenezuelaFil: Bigatti, Gregorio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; Argentin

Monitoring rocky reef biodiversity by underwater geo-referenced photoquadrats

Digital images are an excellent tool for divers to sample hard-bottom subtidal habitats as bottom time is limited and high-definition images can be collected quickly and accurately. The present paper describes a sampling protocol for benthic rocky reef communities using geo-referenced photoquadrats and tests the method over several rocky reefs of Atlantic Patagonia. This method was tested in two localities, separated by 100 km in a semi-enclosed gulf, covering a total of 5800 m of 11 rocky reefs using track roaming transects. The protocol is non-destructive, relatively low-cost and can adequately assess changes in marine habitats as rocky reefs. The implementation of artificial intelligence analysis using human expert training may reduce analysis time and increase the amount of data collected. The present study recommends this sampling methodology for programs aimed at monitoring changes in biodiversity.Fil: Bravo, Gonzalo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco"; Argentina. Fundación Proyectosub; ArgentinaFil: Livore, Juan Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos; ArgentinaFil: Bigatti, Gregorio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco"; Argentina. Universidad Espíritu Santo; Ecuador. Fundación Proyectosub; Argentin

Impactos de la pesca artesanal de la almeja Arca zebra sobre la población del neogastrópodo Voluta musica en el oriente de Venezuela

An important ark clam (Arca zebra) artisanal fishery takes place in the east region of Venezuela. Besides the target species, trawling extracts a significant bycatch of several mollusk species including the gastropod Voluta musica, a threatened species according to the Ven ezuelan Red List of Endangered Species. In this paper we evaluate: 1) the composition of mollusk species in the bycatch, 2) the number of individuals of V. musica caught as bycatch and, 3) the abundance and size structure of the exploited populati on. Each fishing night, about 27,830 m2 are trawled by each boat extracting on the average 607 kg of A. zebra meat and 19 kg of V. musica (whole shelled animal). This fishery activity potentially captures ~30,000 kg of ark clam meat and 922 kg of V. musica in one week (~95 snails/fishing night/boat). The size structure of the V. musica population at the ark clam bed is significantly smaller than in other nearby sites not impacted by trawling fishing activities. Non-targeted species extracted in the bycatch but consumed by the local inhabitants include the gastropods Chicoreus brevifrons, Phyllonotus margaritensis, P. pomum, Fasciolaria tulipa, Strombus pugilis, a few Trochidae species, and the bivalves Pinctada imbricata, Spondylus americanus, Anadara florid ana, A . notabilis, and Trachicardium muricatum. Individuals of V. musica along with several invertebrates are discarded. We recommend that V. musica should not be neglected as a conservation target, and despite that A. zebra fisheries are considered “artisanal”, that more strict regulations should be established on it.La pesca artesanal de la almeja arca (Arca zebra) es una de las pesquerías de mayor importancia en el oriente de Venezuela. En esta pesquería se capturan incidentalmente varias especies de moluscos, incluyendo el gasterópodo Voluta musica, considerada amenazada según el Libro Rojo de la Fauna Venezolana. En este trabajo se evalúa: 1) la composición de especies de moluscos en la captura incidental, 2) el número de individuos de V. musica capturados como pesca incidental y 3) la estructura de tallas y abundancia de la población explotada. En cada faena de pesca se arrastran 27.830 m 2 por cada barco, extrayendo en promedio 607 kg de A. zebra (sin concha) y 19 kg de V. musica (con concha). La flota completa captura ~30.000 kg de A. zebra y 922 kg de V. musica en una semana (~95 caracoles/noche de pesca/barco). La estructura de tallas de la población de V. musica en el banco de A. zebra es significativamente menor comparada con sitios cercanos no afectados por la pesca de arrastre. Otras especies capturadas incidentalmente son consumidas por los habitantes loca les e incluyen los gasterópodos Chicoreus brevifrons, Phyllonotus margaritensis, P. pomum, Fasciolaria tulipa, Strombus pugilis, y unas pocas especies de Trochidae, bivalvos Pinctada imbricata, Spondylus americanus, Anadara floridana, A . notabilis, Trachicardium muricatum. Los individuos de V. musica y otros invertebrados son desechados completamente. V. musica debe ser considerada como objeto de conservación, y a pesar que la captura de A. zebra es considerada "artesanal", se deberían establecer regulaciones más estrictas sobre esta especie.Fil: Peralta, Ana Carolina. Universidad Simón Bolívar; VenezuelaFil: Miloslavich, Patricia. Universidad Simón Bolívar; VenezuelaFil: Carranza, Alvar. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Bigatti, Gregorio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos; Argentin

Robots Versus Humans: Automated Annotation Accurately Quantifies Essential Ocean Variables of Rocky Intertidal Functional Groups and Habitat State

Standardized methods for effectively and rapidly monitoring changes in the biodiversity of marine ecosystems are critical to assess status and trends in ways that are comparable between locations and over time. In intertidal and subtidal habitats, estimates of fractional cover and abundance of organisms are typically obtained with traditional quadrat-based methods, and collection of photoquadrat imagery is a standard practice. However, visual analysis of quadrats, either in the field or from photographs, can be very time-consuming. Cutting-edge machine learning tools are now being used to annotate species records from photoquadrat imagery automatically, significantly reducing processing time of image collections. However, it is not always clear whether information is lost, and if so to what degree, using automated approaches. In this study, we compared results from visual quadrats versus automated photoquadrat assessments of macroalgae and sessile organisms on rocky shores across the American continent, from Patagonia (Argentina), Galapagos Islands (Ecuador), Gorgona Island (Colombian Pacific), and the northeast coast of the United States (Gulf of Maine) using the automated software CoralNet. Photoquadrat imagery was collected at the same time as visual surveys following a protocol implemented across the Americas by the Marine Biodiversity Observation Network (MBON) Pole to Pole of the Americas program. Our results show that photoquadrat machine learning annotations can estimate percent cover levels of intertidal benthic cover categories and functional groups (algae, bare substrate, and invertebrate cover) nearly identical to those from visual quadrat analysis. We found no statistical differences of cover estimations of dominant groups in photoquadrat images annotated by humans and those processed in CoralNet (binomial generalized linear mixed model or GLMM). Differences between these analyses were not significant, resulting in a Bray-Curtis average distance of 0.13 (sd 0.11) for the full label set, and 0.12 (sd 0.14) for functional groups. This is the first time that CoralNet automated annotation software has been used to monitor “Invertebrate Abundance and Distribution” and “Macroalgal Canopy Cover and Composition” Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) in intertidal habitats. We recommend its use for rapid, continuous surveys over expanded geographical scales and monitoring of intertidal areas globally.Fil: Bravo, Gonzalo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos; ArgentinaFil: Moity, Nicolas. Charles Darwin Foundation Santa Cruz; EcuadorFil: Londoño-Cruz, Edgardo. Universidad del Valle; ColombiaFil: Muller-Karger, Frank. University of South Florida St. Petersburg; Estados UnidosFil: Bigatti, Gregorio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos; Argentina. Universidad Espíritu Santo; EcuadorFil: Klein, Eduardo. Universidad Simón Bolívar; VenezuelaFil: Choi, Francis. Northeastern University; Estados Unidos. University Northeastern; Estados UnidosFil: Parmalee, Lark. Northeastern University; Estados Unidos. University Northeastern; Estados UnidosFil: Helmuth, Brian. Northeastern University; Estados Unidos. University Northeastern; Estados UnidosFil: Montes, Enrique. University of South Florida St. Petersburg; Estados Unido