Two phase flow distribution in parallel flow heat exchangers -- experimentally verified model

Maldistribution of refrigerant is a problem in parallel microchannel heat exchangers that lowers their potential effectiveness, especially when controlled by superheat. This paper describes modeling and numerical simulation of two phase mass flow distribution in a microchannel evaporator, on the basis of the pseudo 2-D finite volume method. Emphasis is placed on refrigerant-side heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics. The global flow distribution is based on the mechanistic fact that the pressure drop along each flow path containing an individual microchannel tube must be the same. Besides the primary pressure drop across the microchannel tube, other pressure drops are also considered and modeled. These include the frictional pressure loss along the inlet/outlet headers, as well as contraction and expansion loss associated with fluid entering and leaving the tube. Mass flow rate and quality in each microchannel tube, overall pressure drop and evaporator surface temperatures are calculated and then compared to data taken from the experimental facility. This maldistribution model simulates refrigerant distribution in a microchannel evaporator for two cases. In the first case, the flash gas bypass system, flash gas from the expansion valve is separated and only single phase liquid is supplied into the evaporator. The second case is a conventional direct expansion system where refrigerant enters the evaporator in a two-phase state. For the second case, a quality distribution profile along the inlet header is proposed to simulate the liquid-vapor distribution in the microchannel tubes. The second case is the same as the first case, with a quality distribution profile added. The maldistribution model is compared to a uniform distribution model, a common assumption made in open literature where all microchannel tubes receive identical flow rate. Comparing the maldistribution and uniform distribution models to experimental data, results indicate that the uniform distribution model predicts a higher superheat than the maldistribution model in every case. In order to compare cooling capacity prediction, the mass flow rate in the uniform distribution model was then increased until the exit superheat matched the superheat of the maldistribution model. For every case, the cooling capacity is over predicted by the uniform distribution model by an average of 34%. If an evaporator model is to be used as a design tool, it becomes necessary to use the mass flow distribution model to accurately predict both superheat and cooling capacity accurately

Intermodal Container Transport System Solutions for Chicago Region (Semester Unknown) IPRO 307: Intermodal Container Transport System IPRO 307 Gantt Chart Sp08

What is intermodal transportation? Intermodal transportations are the use of multiple types of transportation such as ships, planes, locomotive and semi-trailers to transport goods in and out of the United States. An example of this would be the importation of goods from overseas that arrive in the United States via cargo ships. Distribution of these goods can vary depending on the distance the container needs to travel. Containers that travel short distances will be done via semi-trailer, whereas containers that have to travel cross country are loaded into locomotives and transported the Midwest for sub-distribution or the other coast for distribution. Why is intermodal transportation important? The efficiency in moving products is what makes Intermodal Transportation important. The more efficient a product is distributed the more money is saved, due to less time and less labor involved in the process. What is the scope of this IPRO? The scope of this IPRO is to provide a manifesto of good practices that will improve intermodal transportation to be environmentally conscious and friendly. The IPRO team will produce a book containing good practices in the design of an intermodal facility. The team will also implement the methods by producing a build-out. The team will also focus on the Clark Road bridge design from previous semester to help improve the commerciality of Gary, Indiana. There is a growing concern today to be more environmentally conscious and friendly. Cities like Chicago are introducing green roofs to help the environment by reducing carbon dioxide therefore lessening the green house effects. The challenge for this IPRO team is how we can improve intermodal yards while 3 keeping in mind the environmental and ethical issues. Some of the environmental issues the team is dealing with are noise, water, air and land quality. The ethical issues are the effect on the individual and the community of having an intermodal facility at your back door. The team will research and find solutions for these issues and write up a report to publish in the book.Deliverable

Intermodal Container Transport System Solutions for Chicago Region (Semester Unknown) IPRO 307: Intermodal Container Transport System IPRO 307 PosterSp08

What is intermodal transportation? Intermodal transportations are the use of multiple types of transportation such as ships, planes, locomotive and semi-trailers to transport goods in and out of the United States. An example of this would be the importation of goods from overseas that arrive in the United States via cargo ships. Distribution of these goods can vary depending on the distance the container needs to travel. Containers that travel short distances will be done via semi-trailer, whereas containers that have to travel cross country are loaded into locomotives and transported the Midwest for sub-distribution or the other coast for distribution. Why is intermodal transportation important? The efficiency in moving products is what makes Intermodal Transportation important. The more efficient a product is distributed the more money is saved, due to less time and less labor involved in the process. What is the scope of this IPRO? The scope of this IPRO is to provide a manifesto of good practices that will improve intermodal transportation to be environmentally conscious and friendly. The IPRO team will produce a book containing good practices in the design of an intermodal facility. The team will also implement the methods by producing a build-out. The team will also focus on the Clark Road bridge design from previous semester to help improve the commerciality of Gary, Indiana. There is a growing concern today to be more environmentally conscious and friendly. Cities like Chicago are introducing green roofs to help the environment by reducing carbon dioxide therefore lessening the green house effects. The challenge for this IPRO team is how we can improve intermodal yards while 3 keeping in mind the environmental and ethical issues. Some of the environmental issues the team is dealing with are noise, water, air and land quality. The ethical issues are the effect on the individual and the community of having an intermodal facility at your back door. The team will research and find solutions for these issues and write up a report to publish in the book.Deliverable

Intermodal Container Transport System Solutions for Chicago Region (Semester Unknown) IPRO 307: Intermodal Container Transport System IPRO 307 Poster2 Sp08

What is intermodal transportation? Intermodal transportations are the use of multiple types of transportation such as ships, planes, locomotive and semi-trailers to transport goods in and out of the United States. An example of this would be the importation of goods from overseas that arrive in the United States via cargo ships. Distribution of these goods can vary depending on the distance the container needs to travel. Containers that travel short distances will be done via semi-trailer, whereas containers that have to travel cross country are loaded into locomotives and transported the Midwest for sub-distribution or the other coast for distribution. Why is intermodal transportation important? The efficiency in moving products is what makes Intermodal Transportation important. The more efficient a product is distributed the more money is saved, due to less time and less labor involved in the process. What is the scope of this IPRO? The scope of this IPRO is to provide a manifesto of good practices that will improve intermodal transportation to be environmentally conscious and friendly. The IPRO team will produce a book containing good practices in the design of an intermodal facility. The team will also implement the methods by producing a build-out. The team will also focus on the Clark Road bridge design from previous semester to help improve the commerciality of Gary, Indiana. There is a growing concern today to be more environmentally conscious and friendly. Cities like Chicago are introducing green roofs to help the environment by reducing carbon dioxide therefore lessening the green house effects. The challenge for this IPRO team is how we can improve intermodal yards while 3 keeping in mind the environmental and ethical issues. Some of the environmental issues the team is dealing with are noise, water, air and land quality. The ethical issues are the effect on the individual and the community of having an intermodal facility at your back door. The team will research and find solutions for these issues and write up a report to publish in the book.Deliverable

Intermodal Container Transport System Solutions for Chicago Region (Semester Unknown) IPRO 307: Intermodal Container Transport System IPRO 307 Poster3 Sp08

What is intermodal transportation? Intermodal transportations are the use of multiple types of transportation such as ships, planes, locomotive and semi-trailers to transport goods in and out of the United States. An example of this would be the importation of goods from overseas that arrive in the United States via cargo ships. Distribution of these goods can vary depending on the distance the container needs to travel. Containers that travel short distances will be done via semi-trailer, whereas containers that have to travel cross country are loaded into locomotives and transported the Midwest for sub-distribution or the other coast for distribution. Why is intermodal transportation important? The efficiency in moving products is what makes Intermodal Transportation important. The more efficient a product is distributed the more money is saved, due to less time and less labor involved in the process. What is the scope of this IPRO? The scope of this IPRO is to provide a manifesto of good practices that will improve intermodal transportation to be environmentally conscious and friendly. The IPRO team will produce a book containing good practices in the design of an intermodal facility. The team will also implement the methods by producing a build-out. The team will also focus on the Clark Road bridge design from previous semester to help improve the commerciality of Gary, Indiana. There is a growing concern today to be more environmentally conscious and friendly. Cities like Chicago are introducing green roofs to help the environment by reducing carbon dioxide therefore lessening the green house effects. The challenge for this IPRO team is how we can improve intermodal yards while 3 keeping in mind the environmental and ethical issues. Some of the environmental issues the team is dealing with are noise, water, air and land quality. The ethical issues are the effect on the individual and the community of having an intermodal facility at your back door. The team will research and find solutions for these issues and write up a report to publish in the book.Deliverable

Intermodal Container Transport System Solutions for Chicago Region (Semester Unknown) IPRO 307

What is intermodal transportation? Intermodal transportations are the use of multiple types of transportation such as ships, planes, locomotive and semi-trailers to transport goods in and out of the United States. An example of this would be the importation of goods from overseas that arrive in the United States via cargo ships. Distribution of these goods can vary depending on the distance the container needs to travel. Containers that travel short distances will be done via semi-trailer, whereas containers that have to travel cross country are loaded into locomotives and transported the Midwest for sub-distribution or the other coast for distribution. Why is intermodal transportation important? The efficiency in moving products is what makes Intermodal Transportation important. The more efficient a product is distributed the more money is saved, due to less time and less labor involved in the process. What is the scope of this IPRO? The scope of this IPRO is to provide a manifesto of good practices that will improve intermodal transportation to be environmentally conscious and friendly. The IPRO team will produce a book containing good practices in the design of an intermodal facility. The team will also implement the methods by producing a build-out. The team will also focus on the Clark Road bridge design from previous semester to help improve the commerciality of Gary, Indiana. There is a growing concern today to be more environmentally conscious and friendly. Cities like Chicago are introducing green roofs to help the environment by reducing carbon dioxide therefore lessening the green house effects. The challenge for this IPRO team is how we can improve intermodal yards while 3 keeping in mind the environmental and ethical issues. Some of the environmental issues the team is dealing with are noise, water, air and land quality. The ethical issues are the effect on the individual and the community of having an intermodal facility at your back door. The team will research and find solutions for these issues and write up a report to publish in the book.Deliverable

Intermodal Container Transport System Solutions for Chicago Region (Semester Unknown) IPRO 307: Intermodal Container Transport System IPRO 307 Abstract Sp08

What is intermodal transportation? Intermodal transportations are the use of multiple types of transportation such as ships, planes, locomotive and semi-trailers to transport goods in and out of the United States. An example of this would be the importation of goods from overseas that arrive in the United States via cargo ships. Distribution of these goods can vary depending on the distance the container needs to travel. Containers that travel short distances will be done via semi-trailer, whereas containers that have to travel cross country are loaded into locomotives and transported the Midwest for sub-distribution or the other coast for distribution. Why is intermodal transportation important? The efficiency in moving products is what makes Intermodal Transportation important. The more efficient a product is distributed the more money is saved, due to less time and less labor involved in the process. What is the scope of this IPRO? The scope of this IPRO is to provide a manifesto of good practices that will improve intermodal transportation to be environmentally conscious and friendly. The IPRO team will produce a book containing good practices in the design of an intermodal facility. The team will also implement the methods by producing a build-out. The team will also focus on the Clark Road bridge design from previous semester to help improve the commerciality of Gary, Indiana. There is a growing concern today to be more environmentally conscious and friendly. Cities like Chicago are introducing green roofs to help the environment by reducing carbon dioxide therefore lessening the green house effects. The challenge for this IPRO team is how we can improve intermodal yards while 3 keeping in mind the environmental and ethical issues. Some of the environmental issues the team is dealing with are noise, water, air and land quality. The ethical issues are the effect on the individual and the community of having an intermodal facility at your back door. The team will research and find solutions for these issues and write up a report to publish in the book.Deliverable

Intermodal Container Transport System Solutions for Chicago Region (Semester Unknown) IPRO 307: Intermodal Container Transport System IPRO 307 Final Presentation 'Sp08

What is intermodal transportation? Intermodal transportations are the use of multiple types of transportation such as ships, planes, locomotive and semi-trailers to transport goods in and out of the United States. An example of this would be the importation of goods from overseas that arrive in the United States via cargo ships. Distribution of these goods can vary depending on the distance the container needs to travel. Containers that travel short distances will be done via semi-trailer, whereas containers that have to travel cross country are loaded into locomotives and transported the Midwest for sub-distribution or the other coast for distribution. Why is intermodal transportation important? The efficiency in moving products is what makes Intermodal Transportation important. The more efficient a product is distributed the more money is saved, due to less time and less labor involved in the process. What is the scope of this IPRO? The scope of this IPRO is to provide a manifesto of good practices that will improve intermodal transportation to be environmentally conscious and friendly. The IPRO team will produce a book containing good practices in the design of an intermodal facility. The team will also implement the methods by producing a build-out. The team will also focus on the Clark Road bridge design from previous semester to help improve the commerciality of Gary, Indiana. There is a growing concern today to be more environmentally conscious and friendly. Cities like Chicago are introducing green roofs to help the environment by reducing carbon dioxide therefore lessening the green house effects. The challenge for this IPRO team is how we can improve intermodal yards while 3 keeping in mind the environmental and ethical issues. Some of the environmental issues the team is dealing with are noise, water, air and land quality. The ethical issues are the effect on the individual and the community of having an intermodal facility at your back door. The team will research and find solutions for these issues and write up a report to publish in the book.Deliverable

Intermodal Container Transport System Solutions for Chicago Region (Semester Unknown) IPRO 307: Intermodal Container Transport System IPRO 307 Poster4 Sp08

What is intermodal transportation? Intermodal transportations are the use of multiple types of transportation such as ships, planes, locomotive and semi-trailers to transport goods in and out of the United States. An example of this would be the importation of goods from overseas that arrive in the United States via cargo ships. Distribution of these goods can vary depending on the distance the container needs to travel. Containers that travel short distances will be done via semi-trailer, whereas containers that have to travel cross country are loaded into locomotives and transported the Midwest for sub-distribution or the other coast for distribution. Why is intermodal transportation important? The efficiency in moving products is what makes Intermodal Transportation important. The more efficient a product is distributed the more money is saved, due to less time and less labor involved in the process. What is the scope of this IPRO? The scope of this IPRO is to provide a manifesto of good practices that will improve intermodal transportation to be environmentally conscious and friendly. The IPRO team will produce a book containing good practices in the design of an intermodal facility. The team will also implement the methods by producing a build-out. The team will also focus on the Clark Road bridge design from previous semester to help improve the commerciality of Gary, Indiana. There is a growing concern today to be more environmentally conscious and friendly. Cities like Chicago are introducing green roofs to help the environment by reducing carbon dioxide therefore lessening the green house effects. The challenge for this IPRO team is how we can improve intermodal yards while 3 keeping in mind the environmental and ethical issues. Some of the environmental issues the team is dealing with are noise, water, air and land quality. The ethical issues are the effect on the individual and the community of having an intermodal facility at your back door. The team will research and find solutions for these issues and write up a report to publish in the book.Deliverable

Intermodal Container Transport System Solutions for Chicago Region (Semester Unknown) IPRO 307: Intermodal Container Transport System IPRO 307 MidTerm Report Sp08

What is intermodal transportation? Intermodal transportations are the use of multiple types of transportation such as ships, planes, locomotive and semi-trailers to transport goods in and out of the United States. An example of this would be the importation of goods from overseas that arrive in the United States via cargo ships. Distribution of these goods can vary depending on the distance the container needs to travel. Containers that travel short distances will be done via semi-trailer, whereas containers that have to travel cross country are loaded into locomotives and transported the Midwest for sub-distribution or the other coast for distribution. Why is intermodal transportation important? The efficiency in moving products is what makes Intermodal Transportation important. The more efficient a product is distributed the more money is saved, due to less time and less labor involved in the process. What is the scope of this IPRO? The scope of this IPRO is to provide a manifesto of good practices that will improve intermodal transportation to be environmentally conscious and friendly. The IPRO team will produce a book containing good practices in the design of an intermodal facility. The team will also implement the methods by producing a build-out. The team will also focus on the Clark Road bridge design from previous semester to help improve the commerciality of Gary, Indiana. There is a growing concern today to be more environmentally conscious and friendly. Cities like Chicago are introducing green roofs to help the environment by reducing carbon dioxide therefore lessening the green house effects. The challenge for this IPRO team is how we can improve intermodal yards while 3 keeping in mind the environmental and ethical issues. Some of the environmental issues the team is dealing with are noise, water, air and land quality. The ethical issues are the effect on the individual and the community of having an intermodal facility at your back door. The team will research and find solutions for these issues and write up a report to publish in the book.Deliverable