Effect of synergistic antimicrobial combinations on growth kinetics of MDR pathogens.

<p>Synergistic antimicrobial combinations of (a) <i>Camellia sinensis</i> and nalidixic acid and (b) <i>Juglans regia</i> and oxacillin were tested for antimicrobial effect on growth kinetics of MDR <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Typhi and Methicillin Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> respectively. Organisms were grown in MH broth in the presence of plants extracts alone and in combination with antibiotics and samples were taken for colony counts at different time intervals. Control organisms were grown in MH broth only. A 2Log₁₀ decrease at any time point from original CFU was considered as significant. Results are given as average for three experiments.</p

Antimicrobial activity of <i>Juglans regia</i>.

<p>S_ pan susceptible; MRSA_ Methicillin resistance <i>Staphyococcus aureus</i>; MDR_ Multidrug resistant; MIC_ minimum inhibitory concentration; MBC_ minimum bactericidal concentration; Env._ environmental; R A C_ Rifampicin Ampicillin Chloramphenicol; R-type_ Resistance phenotype; n_number of isolates; zone_diameter of zone of inhibition</p><p>Antimicrobial activity of <i>Juglans regia</i>.</p

Effect of <i>Juglans regia</i> on cell morphology of MRSA.

<p>Change in cellular morphology of MRSA was observed by Transmission Electron Microscopy, A: Control cell, B-D shows bacterial cells treated with <i>Juglans regia</i>. B: Intracellular thick material. C: covering on unknown material on cell surface. D: Hollow and de-shaped bacteria.</p

Effect of <i>Juglans regia</i> on bacterial growth kinetics.

<p>(a) Methicillin resistamt <i>Staphylococcus</i> aureus (MRSA) and (b) <i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i> ATCC 25923 (pan—susceptible) were treated with graded concentrations of aqueous extract of <i>Juglans regia</i> (Dandasa). Growth cycle of untreated organisms served as growth control. A 2Log₁₀ decrease at any time point from original CFU was considered as significant. Results are presented as an average for three experiments.</p

Effect of <i>Camellia sinensis</i> on bacterial growth kinetics.

<p>Representative bacterial strains of (a) <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Typhi, (b) Methicillin resistant <i>Staphylococcus</i> aureus (MRSA), and (c) <i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i> ATCC 25923 (pan—susceptible) were treated with graded concentrations of methanolic extract of <i>Camellia sinensis</i> (green tea). Growth cycle of untreated organisms served as growth control. A 2 Log₁₀ decrease at any time point from original CFU was considered as significant. Results are presented as an average for three experiments.</p

Fig 3 -

Beta diversity calculated as unweighted UniFrac and represented as a Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) of all samples (a) and endemic and non-endemic soil samples (b).</p

Taxa abundance in the samples grouped for type, all fungal genera detected in patients black grains samples are shown.

Taxa abundance in the samples grouped for type, all fungal genera detected in patients black grains samples are shown.</p

Fig 1 -

Left: sites of sampling from Sudanese eumycetoma endemic (White Nile) and not endemic (Kassala and Port Sudan) regions. Right: images of the sampled houses. The map was generated with QGIS 3.10.4-Coruña on Ubuntu 20.04.4 LTS. Background and administrative limits: http://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/): https://www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/10m-cultural-vectors/10m-admin-0-countries/ https://www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/10m-cultural-vectors/10m-admin-1-states-provinces/ https://www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/10m-natural-earth-2/10m-natural-earth-2-with-shaded-relief-water-and-drainages/.</p