PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF HELMINTHIASIS IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN IN OESAO, KUPANG, EAST NUSA TENGGARA

Background: Prevalence of Soil Transmitted Helminth (STH) infection in Indonesia is generally still high ranging from 2.5% to 62%. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of STH and its risk factors among preschool children in Oesao, Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara (NTT). Subject and methtod: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Oesao, Kupang, NTT. A random sample of 23 preschool children aged 3 to 5 years with worm infections were selected from a primary school. The dependent variable was STH infection. The independent variables were personal hygiene and environmental sanitation factor. The data were collected by questionnaire. Results: The prevalence of STH infections was 17.39%. Four (17%) children were Helminthiasis positive out of the 23 examined. One (6%) was positive for hookworms, 1 (6%) was positive for roundworms (Strongyloides stercolaris), and 2 (13%) were posi- tive for hookworms (Ascaris lumbricoides). From personal hygiene factor, 4 children who were helminthiasis positive had poor personal hygiene such as not washing their hands after playing, playing with soils, walking barefoot, before eating. From environ- mental sanitation factor, 4 children who were helminthiasis positive had poor environ- mental hygiene. The absence of garbage disposal around their residential environment was a potential place for the growth of worm egg. Conclusion: The prevalence of STH infection was 17.4% in Oesao, Kupang, NTT. Risk factors include poor personal hygiene and limited landfills

Personal Hygiene and Soil Transmitted Helminth Incidence in Elementary School Students Amanuban Barat District, South Central Timor

Soil-transmitted helminth infection remained a significant public health problem in many developing countries. Elementary school-age children dominated the cases in Indonesia due to poor personal hygiene. South Central Timor had the top three poverty and the highest stunting rates in East Nusa Tenggara. Research to examine the relationship between personal hygiene and the incidence of Soil-Transmitted Helminth infection had never been conducted in South Central Timor. The study population consisted of 279 elementary school students selected from Inpres Nulle Elementary School, Inpres Neonmat Elementary School, and GMIT Nulle Elementary School through the Multistage Random Sampling technique. It was obtained 160 children as the study samples. The study found that 46 children (29.0%) were positive for STH, and 114 (71.0%) were negative for STH. Furthermore, 30 (65.2%) were positive for hookworm, 14 (30.4%) were positive for Ascaris lumbricoides, and 2 (4.4%) children had mixed infections. Multiple Logistic Regression Tests showed a significant effect of washing hands with soap after defecating with p = 0.031 and OR = 7.158. Thus, if a child did not wash his hands with soap after defecating, he had a risk of STH infection by 7.158 times. Furthermore, the effect of eating habits obtained a p = 0.038 and an OR value = 0.133 with the possibility of eating habits that did not protect against STH infection. In addition, the effect of dirty nails obtained a p=0.064 and an OR=5.264, which indicated the risk of contracting STH by 5.264 times. The effect of snacking habit obtained a p = 0.005 and an OR=0.121. It can be concluded that the incidence of STH was simultaneously influenced by the habit of defecating on the ground, washing hands without soap after defecation, eating raw food, having dirty nails, and having poor snacking habits

Evaluation of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) to uncomplicated falciparum malaria patients in Purworejo District, Central Java, Indonesia

Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy (ACT) to treat uncomplicated Plasmodiumfalciparum malaria has been applied in Purworejo District, Central Java, Indonesia, since2004. However evaluation of the two ACT regimens used ie: Artesunate Amodiaquine(AAQ) and Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine (DHP) co-administered with Primaquine (PQ)has not been performed. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and side effects ofAAQ+PQ and DHP+PQ treatment in uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Purworejo. Inthis descriptive and observational study, 46 Pf infected patients who fullfill the inclusionand exclusion criterias were recruited from December 2010 to August 2011. StandardACT treatment were given to the patients followed by WHO drug efficacy evaluation for28 days. The clinical symptoms and adverse events was also evaluated over the course ofthe treatment. From all recruited subjects, 37 patients received DHP+PQ and 9 patientsreceived AAQ+PQ. On the DHP+PQ treated patient, all subjects were free of asexualand sexual parasites by Day-3 while on AAQ+PQ treated patient, this parasite clearancewas achieved faster as early as on D-2 at the latest. On the otherhand, the disappearanceof fever was also last longer in DHP+PQ treated patient which in one patient last onD-14, while in AAQ+PQ treated patient, the symptom of fever dissappeared by D-2at the latest. No Early or Late Treatment Failures were found on either DHP+PQ orAAQ+PQ treatment as well as clinical and parasitological failures. However, the presenceof adverse events cause by both drugs should not be ignored to ensure drug compliance

Serum total protein and albumin levels among malnourished elementary-aged children East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Background: School-aged children between 6-12 years are a vulnerable group that could be affected by malnutrition, which may cause growth failure and affect their school achievement. East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, is known as the province with the highest cases of malnutrition. Objective: This study aimed to determine serum total protein and albumin levels among malnourished elementary-aged children. Serum total protein and albumin are biochemical parameters that give valuable data due to malnutrition. Methods: This study employed a case-control design. Purposive sampling was used to select the samples with a total of 90 children aged 6 – 12 years, of which 45 were assigned to a case group and a control group. The children’s blood was collected and analyzed using Riele Photometer 5010. The Biuret method was applied for total protein and bromocresol green for albumin serum. Independent sample t-test with a significant value <0.05 was used to determine the difference between mean total protein and albumin levels. Results: The percentage of low total protein levels in malnourished children was 36%, and the percentage of low albumin levels was 27%. The mean level of total protein and albumin was found to be lower in malnourished than in well-nourished children, 6.324±1.1748 g/dL vs. 7.047±0.6330 g/dL (p = <0.001), and 3.927 g/dL±0.7779 g/dL vs. 4.242 g/dL±0.5272 (p = 0.016), respectively. Conclusion: There were significant differences in total protein and albumin serum among malnourished and well-nourished children. The results may serve as basic information for further studies or to create an intervention to reduce malnutrition

Faktor –Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Peningkatan Jumlah Sel T Cd4+ Pada Pasien Hiv/Aids Dengan Terapi Antiretriviral (Arv) Di Rsud Gabriel Manek Kabupaten Belu

Latar Belakang.AIDS (Acquired Immuno deficiency Sindrom) yang merupakan sekumpulan gejala abnormalitas imunologis dan klinis yang diakibatkan oleh HIV, ditularkan melalui kontak seksual, melalui transfusi darah yang terkontaminasi dan pemakaian bersama jarum suntik/IDU (injecting drugs use) serta dari ibu yang positif HIV kepada bayinya selama masa kehamilan dan perinatal. Tujuan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor yang mempengaruhi peningkatan Jumlah Sel T CD4 dalam 12 bulan pertama menjalani pengobatan ARV dan faktor-faktor yang paling dominan dalam peningkatan Jumlah Sel T CD4 dalam 12 bulan pertama menjalani pengobatan ARV. Metode. Penelitian Deskriptif Retrospektif dengan melakukan analisis data sekunder pada pasien HIV/AIDS. Sampel penelitian ini adalah semua pasien berumur >17 tahun dengan Jumlah Sel T CD4 saat memulai terapi ARV ≤350 cells/mm3 dan minimal mempunyai satu kali hasil tes follow up Jumlah Sel T CD4. Kesimpulan.Setelah menjalani terapi ARV selama 12 bulan, semua variabel yang diteliti mengalami peningkatan dimana jumlah Sel T CD4+ secara significan dengan nilai p< 0,00

Evaluation of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) to uncomplicated falciparum malaria patients in Purworejo District, Central Java, Indonesia

Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy (ACT) to treat uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria has been applied in Purworejo District, Central Java, Indonesia, since 2004. However evaluation of the two ACT regimens used ie: Artesunate Amodiaquine (AAQ) and Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine (DHP) co-administered with Primaquine (PQ) has not been performed. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and side effects of AAQ+PQ and DHP+PQ treatment in uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Purworejo. In this descriptive and observational study, 46 Pf infected patients who fullfill the inclusion and exclusion criterias were recruited from December 2010 to August 2011. Standard ACT treatment were given to the patients followed by WHO drug efficacy evaluation for 28 days. The clinical symptoms and adverse events was also evaluated over the course of the treatment. From all recruited subjects, 37 patients received DHP+PQ and 9 patients received AAQ+PQ. On the DHP+PQ treated patient, all subjects were free of asexual and sexual parasites by Day-3 while on AAQ+PQ treated patient, this parasite clearance was achieved faster as early as on D-2 at the latest. On the otherhand, the disappearance of fever was also last longer in DHP+PQ treated patient which in one patient last on D-14, while in AAQ+PQ treated patient, the symptom of fever dissappeared by D-2 at the latest. No Early or Late Treatment Failures were found on either DHP+PQ or AAQ+PQ treatment as well as clinical and parasitological failures. However, the presence of adverse events cause by both drugs should not be ignored to ensure drug compliance