INVESTIGATION OF MENTAL HEALTH OF AMATEUR AND PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL PLAYERS IN THE COVID–19 PANDEMIC PERIOD

The aim of this study is to investigate the mental health of amateur and professional football players during the Covid-19 pandemic period. For this purpose, 49 amateur female, 68 amateur male and 34 professional male football players participated in the study. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index consisting of 24 questions and the Beck Depression Scale consisting of 21 questions were applied to measure the sleep quality and depression symptoms of the participants. The obtained data were analyzed with the SPSS 22.0 program. Values were presented as minimum, maximum, mean, standard deviation, and standard error. Significance level was accepted as

THE EFFECT OF 8 WEEKS FOLK DANCES TRAINING ON BALANCE REACTION TIME AND RHYTHM SESSION OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 8-week folk dance education on balance, reaction time and rhythm session of university students. A total of 40 students aged 19-23 years were included in the study. Participants were divided into two groups. 20 students of them were determined as control group. The other groups performed basic folk dance training was given to the students as ninety minutes three days a week. Age, height, weight, balance, visual and auditory reaction time and rhythm session were measured in groups one day before and one day after the study. Isokinetic balance test was performed for balance measurement. The normal distribution test of the data obtained from the study was carried out with Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro Wilk tests. The data showed normal distribution according to the groups (p> 0.05). Paired t test was used to compare the pre-test and post-test values of auditory reaction time, visual reaction time, api, body weight, osi and mlı. McNemar test was used to analyze the pre-test and post-test of correlation between rhythm perception and performing skill scale. Statistical results were evaluated at 95% confidence interval and p <0.05 significance level. It could be concluded that eight weeks folk dance education can improve the balance, reaction time and rhythm session and have positive effects of university students.  Article visualizations

ANALYSIS OF A 14-16 AGE GROUP IRAQI AND TURKISH BOYS' SPORT-SPECIFIC ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION LEVEL

The purpose of this study is to reveal 14-16 age group Iraqi and Turkish boys' achievement motivation differences in terms of various personal characteristics. Working group consists of 155 children (67 Iraqis, 88 Turks) in the 14-16 age group and being interested in football. Sport Specific Achievement Motivation Scale was used to obtain research findings. SPSS 22.0 program was used to analyze the data, the independent samples test was used for comparison of pair groups, One Way ANOVA test was used for comparison of multiple groups. As a result, while the Turkish children's power showing motive and motive to approach success was significantly high, it was found that the Iraqi children had higher scores in sub-dimensions of motive to avoid failure. Therefore, the motive to avoid failure of Iraqi children was higher than their achievement motivation scores and it can be said that Iraqi children tended to move away from competition conditions. This case may be due to personally negative reflection to children's psychology of internal disorder and negative events in their country and low self-confidence. In addition, according to obtained correlation results, it can be said that the physical structure of boys (height and body weight) increases power showing motive and motive to approach success but decreases motive to avoid failure.  Article visualizations

INVESTIGATION OF QUALITY OF SERVICE MENTALITY IN TURKEY AND IRAQ SPORT CENTERS

In this study as a descriptive study, sports centers and related perceived conducted for the assessment of the expected quality of service of the members of fitness centers in Turkey and Iraq. Research universe consisted of individuals who attend fitness centers in the city of Gaziantep in Turkey and Erbil in Iraq. The sample group consisted of 500 Turks and 179 Iraqis. As a data collection instrument, Service Quality Assessment Scale developed by Lam (2000) and adapted to Turkish by Gürbüz et al. (2005) was used to determine the Quality of Services provided in sports centers. The data obtained from the scales were coded in a computer environment and analyzed statistically by using SPSS 22.0 program. As a result, the quality of service for work in Iraq discussed in both Turkey and understanding of the research group fitness centers are negative. Also, servQual scores are negative in all sub-dimensions. The comparison between the two countries, the quality of service of sports business in Turkey was determined to have higher scores.  Article visualizations

ACUTE EFFECT OF ANAEROBIC EXERCISE ON DYNAMIC BALANCE OF SEDENTARY YOUNG BOYS

The aim of this study was investigation the acute effect of anaerobic exercise on dynamic balance of sedentary young boys. Totally 30 individuals who are sedentary healthy males participated in this study as a subject. Measurements were done between 14.00 and 18.00 in 4 days. Previously The subject in this study were introduced the procedure of the dynamic balance (Biodex Balance SD, Biodex, Shirley, NY. isokinetic balance device ) and Wingate power test (Monark 894E Peak Bike, Monark Exercise AB, Vansbro, Sweden.) and a written approval form was taken from each volunteer. Second day, all subjects were tested dynamic balance test after general warm-up. During the third and fourth days, all subjects were tested Wingate power test without load (empty scale) and 5% load and immediately after that all of them were tested the dynamic balance test. Subjects rested 48 hours between measurements and did not any exercise during the rest time. At the end of the application; overall balance, control trial 1.94±0.85, placebo trial 1.82±0.73, experimental trial 1.92±1.05, anterior-posterior balance, control trial 1.52±0.67, placebo trial 1.37±0.62, experimental trial 1.44±0.93, medial-lateral balance, control trial 0.98±0.53, placebo trial 1.03±0.45, experimental trial 1.06±0.62 there was no statistical significance was not observed dynamic balance after anaerobic exercise (p>0.05). In conclusion, we can conclude that anaerobic exercises have no acute effect on dynamic balance in sedentary youth males who are 13-15 ages.  Article visualizations

THE EFFECTS OF CORE TRAINING ON SOME PHYSICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF MALE ADOLESCENT STUDENTS

The aim of this study was to investigate effects of core training on some physical and physiological parameters on adolescent male students. Totally 24 persons were participated in the study as voluntary. Two groups were formed as experimental group (EG, n = 12, age = 15.30 ± 0.66 year, height = 173.80 ± 7.32 cm, body weight = 64.76 ± 11.68 kg) and control group (CG, n = 12, age = 15.05 ± 0.51 year, height = 170.05 ± 6.32 cm, body weight = 65.57 ± 13.07 kg) from volunteers. Eight weeks core training program was applied to EG, four days per a week in addition to their training. CG wasn’t participated in core training during 8 weeks. Age, height, weight, back and leg strength, vertical jump, body fat percentage, 20m shuttle run test, 1min push-up and curl-up measurements and tests were performed by volunteers. When compared pre- and post-values of EG, significances were found in all parameters (p < 0.05), except aerobic power. When compared pre and post values of CG, no significance was found in any parameters (p < 0.05). Between the groups, there were no significant differences in age, height and aerobic power values. Significant differences were found in all other parameters in favour of EG (p < 0.05). As a result, it could be said that there are positive effects of core strength training on some physical and physiological parameters of male students who were between 14-16 years old.  Article visualizations

INVESTIGATION OF VISUAL AND AUDITORY SIMPLE REACTION TIME OF 11-18 AGED YOUTH

The purpose of our study was to investigate visual and auditory basic reaction time differences in age groups of 11-18 youth. Totally 802 male (n = 401) and female (n = 401) sedentary children in the age groups as 11 (n = 87), 12 (n = 111), 13 (n = 100), and 14 (n = 104), 15 (n = 100), 16 (n = 100), 17 (n = 100), 18 (n = 100) voluntarily participated in this study. Computerized reaction time tests (VRT: www.humanbenchmark.com; ART: cognitivefun.net) was used for visual reaction time (VRT) and auditory reaction time (ART). Reaction time was measured five times, and the mean variable saved as millisecond in both tests. There was no statistical significance observed between male and female children (p > 0.05). Significant difference was found in VRT and ART parameters between age categories (p < 0.05). Significances were determined between 18 and 15 age groups, between 17 and 15 age groups and 16, between 15 age groups,  14 and 11, 12 age groups, between 13 and 11, 12 age groups, both VRT and ART (p < 0.05). In conclusion, it could be said that sedentary children perform faster reaction with increasing age between 11-18 years.  Article visualizations

STREPTOZOTOSİN İLE DİYABET OLUSTURULMUS AKUT YÜZME EGZERSİZİ YAPTIRILAN RATLARDA ÇİNKO UYGULAMASININ LİPİD PEROKSİDASYONU VE LAKTAT DÜZEYLERİNE ETKİSİ

Bu çalısmanın amacı, streptozotosin ile diyabet olusturulmus akut yüzme egzersizi yaptırılan ratlarda çinko uygulamasının lipid peroksidasyonu, antioksidan kapasite ve laktat düzeyleri üzerindeki etkisinin arastırılmasıdır. Arastırma 80 adet Spraque &#8211; Dawley cinsi erkek ratlar üzerinde, Selçuk Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Deney Hayvanları ünitesinde gerçeklestirildi. Çalısma protokolü Selçuk Üniversitesi Beden Egitimi ve Spor Yüksek Okulu Etik Kurulu tarafından onaylandı. Çalısmada kullanılan deney hayvanları esit sayıda 8 gruba ayrıldı: Grup 1 Genel Kontrol Grubu: Hiç bir uygulamanın yapılmadıgı normal diyetle beslenen grup. Grup 2 Çinko Uygulanan Kontrol Grubu: Normal diyetle beslenen ve buna ilave olarak 4 hafta boyunca, 6 mg/kg/gün intra peritoneal çinko sülfat uygulanan grup. Grup 3 Çinko Uygulanan Diyabetli Kontrol Grubu: Deri altı Streptozotocin (STZ) &#8220;40 mg/kg&#8221; uygulanarak diyabet olusturulduktan sonra 4 hafta boyunca, 6 mg/kg/gün intra peritoneal çinko sülfat uygulanan grup. 87 Grup 4 Yüzme Kontrol Grubu: Normal diyetle beslenen ve 30 dakika akut yüzme egzersizi yaptırılan grup. Grup 5 Çinko Uygulanan Yüzme Grubu: : Normal diyetle beslenen ve buna ilave olarak 4 hafta boyunca, 6 mg/kg/gün intra peritoneal çinko sülfat uygulanan ve 30 dakika akut yüzme egzersizi yaptırılan grup. Grup 6 Çinko Uygulanan Diyabetli Yüzme Grubu: Deri altı Streptozotocin (STZ) &#8220;40 mg/kg&#8221; uygulanarak diyabet olusturulduktan sonra 4 hafta boyunca, 6 mg/kg/gün intra peritoneal çinko sülfat uygulanan ve 30 dakika akut yüzme egzersizi yaptırılan grup. Grup 7 Diyabetli Yüzme Grubu: Deri altı Streptozotocin (STZ) &#8220;40 mg/kg&#8221; uygulanarak diyabet olusturulan ve 30 dakika akut yüzme egzersizi yaptırılan grup. Grup 8 Diyabet Grubu: Deri altı Streptozotocin (STZ) &#8220;40 mg/kg&#8221; uygulanarak diyabet olusturulan grup. Dört hafta süren çalısmanın bitiminde deney hayvanlarından dekapitasyonla alınan kan örneklerinde eritrositte GSH, serumda GPx, SOD ile plazma MDA ve laktat parametreleri kolorimetrik yöntemle, serum çinko degerleri ise atomik emisyon cihazıyla tayin edildi. Çalısmada en yüksek MDA degerleri grup 7&#8217;de elde edildi (p<0.001). Grup 8&#8217;in MDA düzeyleri grup 7&#8217;den düsük, diger grupların tamamından yüksekti (p<0.001). Grup 3, 4ve 6&#8217;nın MDA degerleri grup 7 ve 8&#8217;den düsük, grup 1, 2 ve 5&#8217;den yüksek bulundu (p<0.001). Grup 5&#8217;in en yüksek GSH degerlerine sahip bulundugu tespit edildi (p<0.001). Grup 6&#8217;nın GSH düzeyleri grup 5&#8217;den düsük, diger grupların tamamından yüksekti (p<0.001). Grup 2, 3 ve 4&#8217;ün GSH degerleri grup 5 ve 6&#8217;dan düsük, grup 1, 7 ve 8 &#8217;den ise daha yüksekti (p<0.001). En yüksek GPx degerleri grup 5&#8217;de elde edildi (p<0.001). Grup 2&#8217;nin GPx parametresi grup 6&#8217;dan farklı degilken, grup 1, 3, 4, 7 ve 8&#8217;den önemli derecede yüksekti (p<0.001. Grup 6&#8217;nın aynı parametresi grup 3&#8217;den farklı degilken, grup 1, 4, 7 ve 8&#8217;den önemli derecede yüksekti (p<0.001). En yüksek SOD degeri grup 5&#8217;de elde edildi (p<0.001). Grup 6&#8217;nın SOD seviyeleri grup 5&#8217;den düsük, diger grupların tamamından daha yüksekti (p<0.001). Grup 2&#8217;nin SOD düzeyleri grup 6&#8217;dan farklı degilken, grup 5&#8217;den düsük, digerlerinden önemli sekilde yüksekti (p<0.001). Grup 3 ve 4&#8217;ün SOD parametresi grup 1, 7 ve 8&#8217;den yüksek, grup 2, 5 ve 6&#8217;dan düsüktü (p<0.001). Plazma laktat degerleri, grup 7&#8217;de diger grupların tamamından yüksekti (p<0.001). Grup 4&#8217;ün laktat parametresi, grup 7&#8217;den düsük, diger grupların tamamından daha yüksekti (p<0.001). Grup 1 ve 6&#8217;nın laktat seviyeleri grup 4 ve 7&#8217;den düsük, grup 2, 3, 5 ve 8&#8217;den yüksekti (p<0.001). Grup 5&#8217;in laktat degerleri grup 3 ve 8&#8217;den yüksek, diger grupların tamamından düsüktü (p<0.001). En yüksek serum çinko degerleri grup 2&#8217;de tespit edildi (p<0.001). Grup 5&#8217;in serum çinko parametresi ise grup 2&#8217;den düsük, diger grupların tamamından daha yüksekti (p<0.001). Grup 1&#8217;in çinko seviyeleri grup 2 ve 5&#8217;den düsük, diger grupların tamamından daha yüksek olarak tespit edildi (p<0.001). Grup 3 ve 6&#8217;nın çinko düzeyleri grup 4, 7 ve 8&#8217;den yüksek, grup 1, 2 ve 5&#8217;den daha düsüktü (p<0.001). Grup 4&#8217;ün çinko degerleri grup 7 ve 8&#8217;den yüksek, diger grupların tamamından düsüktü (p<0.001). Çalısmanın sonucunda elde edilen bulgular, diyabette ve akut egzersizde ortaya çıkan serbest radikal üretiminde artıs, antioksidan aktivitedeki baskılanma ve kas yorgunlugunun, çinko uygulamasıyla önlendigini göstermektedir. Diyabette ve akut egzersizde fizyolojik dozda çinko uygulaması saglık ve performans yönünden faydalı olabilir.The aim of the this study was to investigate the effects of zinc supplementation on lipid peroksidation, antioxidant capacity and lactate levels in rats with streptozotocine-induced diabetic and acute swimming exercise. Research was performed on 80 male Spraque-Dawley strain rats in Selcuk University, Veterinary Faculty, Experiment Animals Unit. Study protocol was approved by ethics committee of Selcuk University School of Physical Education and Sport. Animals were divided into 8 groups including same number in all groups. Group 1 General Control Group: Animals were feeded by normal diet and no any application on animals. Group 2 Zinc Supplemented Control Group: Zinc sulphate were supplemented as 6 mg/kg/day by intraperitoneal in addition to normal diet. Group 3 Zinc Supplemented Diabetic Control Group: Animals were formed by subcutaneous Streptozotocin (STZ) &#8220;40 mg/kg&#8221; and Zinc sulphate were supplemented as 6 mg/kg/day by intraperitoneal in addition to normal diet. 91 Group 4 Swimming Control Group: Animals were feeded by normal diet and acute swimming exercise performed 30 minutes. Group 5 Zinc Supplemented Swimming Group: Animals were feeded by normal diet and zinc supplemented as 6 mg/kg/day by intra peritoneal for 4 weeks and swimming exercise for 30 minutes. Group 6 Zinc Supplemented Diabetic and Swimming Group: Firstly animals were performed diabetic by Streptozotocin (STZ) as 40 mg/kg, then zinc sulphate was supplemented as 6 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks and acute swimming exercise performed for 30 minutes. Group 7 Diabetic Swimming Group: Streptozotocin (STZ) &#8220;40 mg/kg&#8221; applied by subcutaneous to induce diabetes and acute swimming exercise performed for 30 minutes. Group 8 Diabetic Group: Diabetic group which performed by subcutaneous Streptozotocin (STZ) as 40 mg/kg. Animals were decapited to obtain blood samples after the 4 weeks experimental period and by calorimetric method GSH in erythrocyte, GPX and SOD in serum, MDA and lactate in plasma were determined and serum zinc levels were determined by atomic emission. The highest MDA levels were obtain in group (p<0.001). MDA levels in group 8 were lower than group 7 and higher than all other groups (p<0.001). MDA levels of groups 3, 4 and 6 were lower than groups 7 and 8, but higher than groups 1, 2 and 5 (p<0.001). It has been determined that group 5 has the highest GSH levels compared the other groups (p<0.001). GSH levels of group 6 was lower than group 5, however, higher the other groups (p<0.001). Group 2, 3 and 4 GSH values were lower groups 5 and 6, but higher than groups 1, 7 and 8 (p<0.001). The highest GPx levels were determined in group 5 (p<0.001). Group 2 GPx value did not different from group 6, however, it was significantly higher than groups 1, 3, 4, 7 and 8 (p<0.001. This parameter in group 6 compared to group 3, but higher than groups 1, 4, 7 and 8 (p<0.001). Group 5 has the highest SOD levels (p<0.001). SOD levels in group 7 were lower tha group 5, higher than other groups (p<0.001). Group 2 SOD values were not different from group 6, lower than group 5 and singificantly higher than the other groups (p<0.001). Groups 3 and 4 SOD parameter were higher than grup 1, 7 and 8, however, it was lower than groups 2, 5 and 6 (p<0.001). Plasma lactate levels in group 7 were higher than the other groups (p<0.001). This parameter in group 4 lower than group 7 and higher than other groups (p<0.001). Group 1 and 6 lactate levels were lower than groups 4 and 7, but higher than groups 2, 3, 5 and 8 (p<0.001). Group 5 lactate values were higher than groups 3 and 8, lower than the other groups (p<0.001). The highest serum zinc levels were determined in group (p<0.001). Group 5 serum zinc parameter was lower than group 2 and higher than other groups (p<0.001). It was determined that Group 1 zinc levels were lower than groups 2 and 5, higher than other groups (p<0.001). Group 3 and 6 zinc levels were higher than groups 4, 7 and 8, but much lower than group 1, 2 and 5 (p<0.001). Zinc levels in group 4 were higher than groups 7 and 8, however, lower than other groups (p<0.001). The results of present study showed that zinc supplementation prevents increased free radical production, inhibition in antioxidant activity and muscle fatigue in diabetes and acute exercise. In diabetes and acute exercise, zinc supplementation in physiological doses may be useful in terms of health and performenc

INVESTIGATION OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVEL IN COVID-19 PANDEMIC PERIOD OF AMATEUR AND PROFESSIONAL SOCCER PLAYERS

The aim of this study is to examine the physical activity levels of amateur and professional football players during the covid-19 pandemic period. For this purpose, 54 amateur female, 69 amateur male and 36 professional male football players participated in the study. The long version of the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) was used to determine the physical activity levels of the participants. SPSS 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA) program was used for statistical processing of the data. Values were presented as minimum, maximum, mean, standard deviation, and standard error. Significance level was accepted as

Akut yüzme egzersizi yaptırılan diyabetik sıçanlarda intraperitoneal çinko sülfat uygulamasının kas dokusundaki lipid peroksidasyonuna etkisi

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, streptozotosin ile diyabet oluşturulmuş akut yüzme egzersizi yaptırılan sıçanlarda çinko uygulamasının kas dokusundaki lipid peroksidasyonu ve antioksidan kapasite üzerindeki etkisinin araştırılmasıdır.Gereç ve Yöntem: Spraque-Dawley cinsi 80 adet erişkin erkek ratlar kullanılan çalışmada. deney hayvanları eşit sayıda 8 gruba ayrıldı: Grup 1, genel kontrol. Grup 2, çinko uygulanan kontrol. Grup 3, çinko uygulanan diyabetli kontrol. Grup 4, yüzme kontrol. Grup 5, çinko uygulanan yüzme. Grup 6, çinko uygulanan diyabetli yüzme. Grup 7, diyabetli yüzme. Grup 8, diyabet grubu. Diyabet oluşturmak için hayvanlara 40 mg/kg dozunda intraperitoneal ip streptozotosin STZ enjekte edildi. Enjeksiyonlar 24 saat sonra aynı dozda tekrarlandı. Son enjeksiyonlardan 6 gün sonra kan glukozu 300 mg/dl ve üzerinde olan hayvanlar diyabetik olarak kabul edildi. Hayvanlara 4 hafta boyunca 6 mg/kg/gün ip çinko sülfat verildi. Dört hafta süren çalışmanın bitiminde deney hayvanlarından dekapitasyonla alınan kas doku örneklerinde MDA nmol/gram/ protein ve GSH mg/dl/gram protein düzeyleri tayin edildi. Bulgular: Kas dokusundaki en yüksek MDA değerleri grup 4 ve 7’de elde edildi. Grup 5 ve 6’nın kas MDA seviyeleri grup 4 ve 7’den düşük, diğer grupların tamamından yüksekti. Grup 5 ve 6 en yüksek kas GSH değerlerine sahipti. Grup 4’ün aynı parametresi grup 5 ve 6’dan düşük diğer grupların tamamından daha yüksekti. Kas dokusundaki en düşük GSH düzeyleri Grup 7 ve 8’de elde edildi.Sonuç: Çalışmanın sonuçları diyabetik sıçanlarda zorlu yüzme egzersizinin yol açtığı kas dokusundaki lipit peroksidasyonu üzerinde intraperitoneal çinko sülfat uygulamasının koruyucu rolü olduğunu göstermektedi