Flower-like supramolecular self-assembly of phosphonic acid appended naphthalene diimide and melamine

Diverse supramolecular assemblies ranging from nanometres to micrometers of small aromatic π-conjugated functional molecules have attracted enormous research interest in light of their applications in optoelectronics, chemosensors, nanotechnology, biotechnology and biomedicines. Here we study the mechanism of the formation of a flower-shaped supramolecular structure of phosphonic acid appended naphthalene diimide with melamine. The flower-shaped assembly formation was visualised by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging, furthermore, XRD and DLS used to determined mode of aggregation. Characteristically, phosphonic acid-substituted at imide position of NDIs possess two important properties resulting in the formation of controlled flower-like nanostructures: (i) the aromatic core of the NDI which is designed to optimize the dispersive interactions (π-π stacking and van der Waals interactions) between the cores within a construct and (ii) phosphonic acid of NDI interact with malamine through molecular recognition i.e. strong hydrogen-bonding (H-bonding). We believe such arrangements prevent crystallization and favour the directional growth of flower-like nanostructure in 3D fashion. These works demonstrate that complex self-assembly can indeed be attained through hierarchical non-covalent interactions of two components. Furthermore, flower-like structures built from molecular recognition by these molecules indicate their potential in other fields if combined with other chemical entities

Corporate Environmental Accounting: Issues and Challenges in India

Today, World is facing the twin problem of promoting economic development and protecting the environment. There is need for proper balance between environmental protection and sustainable and economic development. It is observed that, many efforts have been done to develop a mechanism of incorporating environmental information with national income to compute economic development. But without the proper environmental accounting data, both in the corporate level and the Government, it next to impossible to determine whether anybody have fulfilling their responsibilities towards the environment. The implementation of Environmental Accounting can help the goals of corporate and other stakeholders in reducing the costs and decreasing the pollution. This study attempts to address the development of corporate environmental accounting and the problems associated with that. This study identifies the development of the corporate environmental accountingadopted by the sample companies in India

Implementation of Rural Development Programmes in India, with reference to National Rural Livelihood Mission [NRLM]

Rural unemployment in India is a problem of about forty million families living below the poverty line. These families suffer from a long spells of work low wages and low productivity. The Government of India has implementing special schemes and programmes for the benefits of the rural population also wage employment generation, generation of self-employment. The poverty alleviation and unemployment continues to remain a major area of successive five years plan in coming years. The Government of India is still in the stage of making experiments and could not find a suitable programme to bring about expected changes in rural life. It is being increasingly recognized from the outcome of the various recent rural development programmes that the Government alone cannot bring about the necessary change in the upliftment of the rural poor. In this research paper, an attempt has been made to identify various factors causing for better co-ordinations and monitoring the programmes under the Rural Development. It highlights about present scenario of implementation of rural development programme like National Rural Livelihood Mission [NRLM] for the self employment

Novel Approach towards Controlling and Monitoring Nutrient of Soil in Polyhouse

In modern polyhouse, several sensors are required for its automation. Nowadays soil nutrient problem affects plants growth. In this paper various sensing system have been developed for nutrient testing. This technology combines mapping of PH and electric conductivity for soil nutrient management. In agriculture field water is a main source to increase yield of crop. At present irrigation system is fully automated and controlled by the farmers. The proposed system is controlled and monitored as per soil moisture status. Sensors detect soil moisture, water tank level and depending on that solenoid valve are turned ON/OFF automatically. By using wireless sensor network, all sensors data are stored in database and monitored through local display as well as web service (http client/server)

HPLC measurement of ocular carotenoid levels in human donor eyes in the lutein supplementation era.

Journal ArticlePURPOSE: A substantial proportion of the population at risk for visual loss from age-related macular degeneration consumes supplements containing high doses of lutein, but clinical studies to date have shown only modest and variable increases in macular carotenoid pigments in response to supplementation. To determine whether lutein supplementation can indeed alter ocular carotenoid levels, the authors chemically measured levels of lutein, zeaxanthin, and their metabolites in the macula, peripheral retina, and lens of 228 eyes from 147 human donors and correlated these results with retrospective supplement histories from families of selected members of the study population. METHODS: Lenses and circular punches of macula (4-mm diameter) and equatorial peripheral retina (8-mm diameter) were dissected from donor eyes free of ocular disease procured from the local eye bank. The amounts of lutein, zeaxanthin, meso-zeaxanthin, and 3'-oxolutein were determined by HPLC with photodiode array and mass spectral detection. RESULTS: Eighteen percent of eyes from donors age 48 and older had unusually high levels (66.3 +/- 15.1 ng) of macular carotenoids that were three times the rest of the older population's mean level (23.0 + 12.1 ng; P < 0.001). Carotenoid levels in these outliers were also unusually high in the lens and in the peripheral retina. Similar outliers were not present in donors younger than 48. Most of these outliers regularly consumed high-dose lutein supplements before death. Lutein supplementation was uncommon in older donors whose macular carotenoids were in the normal range. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of unusually high levels of macular carotenoids in older donors who were regularly consuming high-dose lutein supplements supports the hypothesis that long-term lutein supplementation can raise levels of macular pigment. Elevated carotenoid levels in the peripheral retina and lens in these same donors could have important implications for understanding why some clinical methods of macular pigment measurement have had difficulty detecting robust and consistent responses in carotenoid supplementation trials

A study to assess effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme on gastro intestinal tract assessment among student nurses of tertiary care hospital: a statistical approach

Background: The gastro intestinal is important system in the human body. Many times it is found that its uneasy for student nurses to check the patient. So, there is need to improve the available learning programmes regarding gastro intestinal tract assessment.So, it was necessary to conduct this study for educating student nurses regarding the gastro intestinal tract assessment to improve their knowledge. The objectives of this study were to assess the knowledge of student nurses regarding gastro-intestinal tract assessment and to evaluate the effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme on knowledge regarding gastro intestinal tract assessment.Methods: Material and methods used for the study is the evaluative approach; one group pre test, post test design was used. Study was conducted on sample of 70 student nurses by using convenient sampling technique. The data were collected by structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.Results: The mean knowledge score of student nurses during the pre-test was 39.89% where as it had raised up to 72% during the post-test regarding gastro intestinal tract assessment as effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme. Therefore, the difference assessed was 32.11% between pre-test and post-test.Conclusions: There was significant difference between the pre-test knowledge level and post-test knowledge level of student nurses on gastro intestinal tract assessment. Hence health education programs and on-going teaching both can further improve the knowledge of student nurses

Study of variations in the branching pattern of thoracodorsal nerve

Background: Purpose of current study was to describe the variations in the origin of the thoracodorsal nerve of the posterior cord of brachial plexus and its distance of origin from mid-clavicular point in the South Indian population. These variations are important during surgical approaches to the axilla and upper arm, administration of anesthetic blocks, interpreting effects of nervous compressions and in repair of plexus injuries. The patterns of branching show population differences. Data from the South Indian population is scarce.Methods: Forty brachial plexuses from twenty formalin fixed cadavers were explored by gross dissection. Origin and order of branching of axillary nerve and its distance of origin from mid-clavicular point was recorded. Representative photographs were then taken using a digital camera (Sony Cybershot R, W200, 7.2 Megapixels).Results:In forty specimens studied, 72.5% of thoracodorsal nerves originated from posterior cord, which was  predominant (75%) on the left side, 15% arose from axillary nerve which was observed in 20% of the right sided specimens and 12.5% had origin from the common trunk which was significant (15%) on the left side. In 32.5% of specimens, thoracodorsal nerve had origin at a distance of 4.1-4.5 cm, in 32.5% at a distance of 4.6-5.0 cm, in 17.5% at a distance of 5.1-5.5 cm, in 12.5% at a distance of 3.6-4.0 cm and in 5% at a distance of t more than 5.5 cm from mid-clavicular point.Conclusion: Majority of thoracodorsal nerves in studied population display a wide range of variations. Significant number of thoracodorsal nerve also takes origin from axillary nerve and from common trunk at various distances from a fixed point.  Anesthesiologists administering local anesthetic blocks, clinicians interpreting effects of nerve injuries of the upper limb and surgeons operating in the axilla should be aware of these patterns to avoid inadvertent injury and this study provide the necessary insight into the branching pattern of the thoracodorsal nerve and its distance of origin. Further study of the origin of thoracodorsal nerve of posterior cord of brachial plexus and its distance of origin from mid-clavicular point is recommended.

FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF ORALLY DISINTEGRATING TABLET OF CHLORPHENERAMINE MALEATE BY SUBLIMATION TECHNIQUE

Objective: Chlorpheneramine maleate is a first-generation antihistamine drug used in the treatment of allergic conditions like rhinitis, urticaria, and cough cold, etc. In present work, the challenge has been made to develop an orally disintegrating tablet of chlorpheneramine maleate with an increase in bioavailability and patient compliance. Methods: The sublimation technique was used to prepare orally disintegrating tablets. Porous tablet prepared after sublimation of camphor at 60 °C in a hot air oven for 60 min. In the research work, 32full factorial design used to find out the effect of two variables like the amount of Crospovidone and Croscarmellose sodium. Results: All prepared formulations were analyzed for various parameters. DSC of pure drug and optimized formulation A (9) showed purity of sample and compatibility of all ingredients with each other. In FTIR study of pure drug and optimized formulation A (9) no major shifts were seen. An optimized formulation (A9) was found to have good hardness (3.2 kg/cm2), friability (&lt;1%), disintegration time (26 s), % drug release (99.77 %) within 6 min. Conclusion: The result obtained showed that orally disintegrating tablet of chlorpheneramine maleate enhances dissolution rate, improves bioavailability which will improve patient compliance

Entanglement transitions in random definite particle states

Entanglement within qubits are studied for the subspace of definite particle states or definite number of up spins. A transition from an algebraic decay of entanglement within two qubits with the total number $N$ of qubits, to an exponential one when the number of particles is increased from two to three is studied in detail. In particular the probability that the concurrence is non-zero is calculated using statistical methods and shown to agree with numerical simulations. Further entanglement within a block of $m$ qubits is studied using the log-negativity measure which indicates that a transition from algebraic to exponential decay occurs when the number of particles exceeds $m$. Several algebraic exponents for the decay of the log-negativity are analytically calculated. The transition is shown to be possibly connected with the changes in the density of states of the reduced density matrix, which has a divergence at the zero eigenvalue when the entanglement decays algebraically.Comment: Substantially added content (now 24 pages, 5 figures) with a discussion of the possible mechanism for the transition. One additional author in this version that is accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.