Study on biology of Thryssa dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1848) from the coast of Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India

87-94The Dussumier’s thryssa, Thryssa dussumieri is one of the important component of by-catch of trawl and mini purse seine landings at Ratnagiri. The length-weight relationship indicated the isometric growth in T. dussumieri with generalized equation W = 0.0066 L 3.1077. The month-wise relative condition factor showed two peaks coinciding with peak spawning season. All morphometric lengths showed varying degree of correlation with total length. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of food revealed Thryssa dussumieri to be a carnivore, feeding mainly on mysids, copepods, diatoms and juvenile shrimps.The highest GSI value, for females, was observed during March, October, December and January. The male:female ratio was found to be 1:1.4. T. dussumieri has got a prolonged spawning season extending from September to April. The absolute fecundity ranged from 3367 to 14130 eggs with an average of 7420 eggs. Length at sexual maturity has been estimated to be 12.8 cm

<span style="font-size:15.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang="EN-US">Age, growth and mortality studies of Indian<span style="font-size:15.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA" lang="EN-US"> squid, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA" lang="EN-US">Uroteuthis (Photololigo) duvauceli</span></i><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA" lang="EN-US"> <span style="font-size:15.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#292526;mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA" lang="EN-US">(d’ Orbigny)</span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:15.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#292526;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang="EN-US"> <span style="font-size:15.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang="EN-US">along Ratnagiri Coast of Maharashtra, India</span></span>

93-96<span style="font-size:9.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" mso-bidi-font-family:"times="" roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:en-us;="" mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"="" lang="EN-US">The study on the growth and mortality of <span style="font-size: 9.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:="" "times="" roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"times="" roman";color:black;="" mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="" lang="EN-US">Indian squid Uroteuthis duvauceli<span style="font-size:9.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" mso-bidi-font-family:"times="" roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:en-us;="" mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="" lang="EN-US"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">was carried out based on the length frequency data collected during February 2012 to January 2013. Using ELEFAN, the asymptotic length ((L∞)) and growth coefficient (K) were estimated as 376 mm and 0.95 yr-1 respectively. Using the von Bertalanffy’s Growth Formula (VBGF), it is seen that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">L. duvauceli attain 233, 324 and 355 mm at the end of Ist – IIIrd years respectively.<span style="color:black;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> The total, natural and fishing mortalities were 4.5, 1.82 and 2.68 yr-1 respectively. The Lc50 was found to be 107 mm. <span style="font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:="" "times="" roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:en-in;mso-fareast-language:="" en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="">The exploitation rate (U) and exploitation ratio (E) was calculated 0.53 and 0.54 <span style="font-size:9.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" mso-bidi-font-family:"times="" roman";mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:="" en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="" lang="EN-US">respectively<span style="font-size:9.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:calibri;="" mso-bidi-font-family:"times="" roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:en-in;="" mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="">. The value of E max in the present study is lower than exploitation ratio E of 0.54.This indicates that to maximize the yield per recruit from L. duvauceli the efforts may be reduced from the present E of 0.54 to  0<span style="font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" mso-bidi-font-family:"times="" roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:en-us;="" mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="" lang="EN-US"> .5 to sustain the stock.</span

Sodium tetrachloroaurate(III) dihydrate-catalyzed efficient synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepine and quinoxaline derivatives*

Both 1,5-benzodiazepine and quinoxaline derivatives are important heterocycles in pharmaceuticals. We describe an efficient and clean method for the synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepines from o-phenylenediamine and ketones catalyzed by sodium tetrachloroaurate(III) dihydrate under mild conditions. The catalyst was shown to be equally effective for the synthesis of quinoxalines from o-phenylenediamine and α-bromo ketones under the similar reaction conditions. This method produced good yields