Metabolic syndrome and risk of major coronary events among the urban diabetic patients: North Indian Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Study-NIDCVD-2

Objective: The present study aimed at estimating the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and prospectively, evaluating cardiovascular events among Asian Indians type 2 diabetic subjects. Methods: The sample comprised 1522 type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) subjects aged 25-91. years, who participated in the North Indian Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Study (NIDCVD). The participants were screened for hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity and cardiovascular events. Anthropometric, clinical and biochemical measurements were done in all subjects. The prevalence of MetS was estimated in all the subjects according to the harmonized criteria of 2009. Results: The prevalence of MetS among urban Indian diabetic subjects was 71.9% and was significantly higher in females (86%) as compared to males (57.9%). To determine the independent predictors of the MetS in diabetic sample, binary logistic regression analyses were performed using demographic and biochemical parameters. Significant differences in the indices of generalized and abdominal obesity and lipids (total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein) were observed (p <. 0.01) in male:female and MetS and non-MetS comparisons. Regression analysis for prediction of CAD showed that family history, age, body mass index (BMI), SBP, physical inactivity and hypertension independently and significantly predicted the disease outcome. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that MetS may be an independent risk/predictor of CAD (odd ratio (OR) = 3.44, CI 1.31-9.01, p = 0.012) along with higher age groups, BMI and hypertension in Indian population. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the high prevalence of MetS and its different components were positively associated with a higher risk of CAD in north Indian diabetic subjects. Nevertheless, MetS is a major health problem in India, comprehensive population studies are warranted for estimation of incidence and prevalence, and education should be provided on its prevention and control to reduce the diabetes-related morbidity and mortality

The Al-induced proteomes of epidermal and outer cortical cells in root apex of cherry tomato \u27LA 2710\u27

This paper reports a laser capture microdissection-tandem mass tag-quantitative proteomics analysis of Al-sensitive cells in root tips. Cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme ‘LA2710’) seedlings were treated under 15 μM Al3+ activity for 13 d. Root-tip longitudinal fresh frozen tissue sections of 10 μm thickness were prepared. The Al-sensitive root zone and cells were determined using histochemical analysis of root-tips and micro-sections. A procedure for collecting the Al-sensitive cells using laser capture microdissection-protein extraction-tandem mass tag-proteomics analysis was developed. Proteomics analysis of 18 μg protein/sample with three biological replicates per treatment condition identified 3879 quantifiable proteins each associated with two or more unique peptides. Quantified proteins constituted a broad range of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways when searched in the annotated tomato genome. Differentially expressed proteins between the Al-treated and non-Al treated control conditions were identified, including 128 Al-up-regulated and 32 Al-down-regulated proteins. Analysis of functional pathways and protein-protein interaction networks showed that the Al-down-regulated proteins are involved in transcription and translation, and the Al-up-regulated proteins are associated with antioxidant and detoxification and protein quality control processes. The proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD010459 under project title ‘LCM-quantitative proteomics analysis of Al-sensitive tomato root cells’. Significance This paper presents an efficient laser capture microdissection-tandem mass tag-quantitative proteomics analysis platform for the analysis of Al sensitive root cells. The analytical procedure has a broad application for proteomics analysis of spatially separated cells from complex tissues. This study has provided a comprehensive proteomics dataset expressed in the epidermal and outer-cortical cells at root-tip transition zone of Al-treated tomato seedlings. The proteomes from the Al-sensitive root cells are valuable resources for understanding and improving Al tolerance in plants

Development of a laser capture microscope-based single-cell-type proteomics tool for studying proteomes of individual cell layers of plant roots

Single-cell-type proteomics provides the capability to revealing the genomic and proteomics information at cell-level resolution. However, the methodology for this type of research has not been well-developed. This paper reports developing a workflow of laser capture microdissection (LCM) followed by gel-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GeLC-MS/MS)-based proteomics analysis for the identification of proteomes contained in individual cell layers of tomato roots. Thin-sections (~10-μm thick, 10 sections per root tip) were prepared for root tips of tomato germinating seedlings. Epidermal and cortical cells (5000–7000 cells per tissue type) were isolated under a LCM microscope. Proteins were isolated and then separated by SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by in-gel-tryptic digestion. The MS and MS/MS spectra generated using nanoLC-MS/MS analysis of the tryptic peptides were searched against ITAG2.4 tomato protein database to identify proteins contained in each single-cell-type sample. Based on the biological functions, proteins with proven functions in root hair development were identified in epidermal cells but not in the cortical cells. Several of these proteins were found in Al-treated roots only. The results demonstrated that the cell-type-specific proteome is relevant for tissue-specific functions in tomato roots. Increasing the coverage of proteomes and reducing the inevitable cross-contamination from adjacent cell layers, in both vertical and cross directions when cells are isolated from slides prepared using intact root tips, are the major challenges using the technology in proteomics analysis of plant roots

Differential Root Proteome Expression in Tomato Genotypes with Contrasting Drought Tolerance Exposed to Dehydration

A comparative proteomics study using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) was performed on a mesophytic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivar and a dehydration-resistant wild species (Solanum chilense) to identify proteins that play key roles in tolerance to water deficit stress. In tomato ‘Walter’ LA3465, 130 proteins were identified, of which 104 (80%) were repressed and 26 (20%) were induced. In S. chilense LA1958, a total of 170 proteins were identified with 106 (62%) repressed and 64 (38%) induced. According to their putative molecular functions, the differentially expressed proteins belong to the following subgroups: stress proteins, gene expression, nascent protein processing, protein folding, protein degradation, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid and nucleotide metabolism, lipid metabolism, signal transduction, and cell cycle regulation. Based on changes in protein abundance induced by the dehydration treatment, cellular metabolic activities and protein biosynthesis were suppressed by the stress. In S. chilense, dehydration treatment led to elevated accumulation of proteins involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation and fidelity in protein translation including prefoldin, which promotes protein folding without the use of adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP), several hydrophilic proteins, and calmodulin in the calcium signal transduction pathway. Those protein changes were not found in the susceptible tomato, ‘Walter’. Within each functional protein group, proteins showing opposite changes (dehydration induced vs. repressed) in the two species were identified and roles of those proteins in conferring tolerance to water deficit stress are discussed. Information provided in this report will be useful for selection of proteins or genes in analyzing or improving dehydration tolerance in tomato cultivars

Paraoxonase 1 gene polymorphisms (Q192R and L55M) are associated with coronary artery disease susceptibility in Asian Indians

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a complex metabolic disorder in which lifestyle and genetic factors are known to play key roles in pathogenesis. The paraoxonase 1 (PON1) enzyme has a defensive effect against CAD progression, as it safeguards low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) from oxidative modifications. The most extensively studied genetic variants in the PON1 gene are Q192R and L55M, which have been related with LDL antioxidative activity and risk of CAD. Objective: The present case-control study intended to examine the Q192R and L55M polymorphisms and their association with the risk of CAD patients in north Indians. Methods: A total of 872 subjects (412 CAD patients and 460 controls) were recruited from north India. The PON1 gene was amplified and genotypes were studies using PCR-RFLP. χ2 analysis was performed to compare genotype/allele frequencies in patients and controls. Results: The present study indicated abdominal obesity, elevated body mass index, and dyslipidemia with increased levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides as well as reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in CAD subjects compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis of the data revealed an association of the RR genotype of the Q192R polymorphism with an about 2-fold elevated risk of CAD (OR = 2.23, 95% CI = 1.47–3.37, p = 0.0001). Contrariwise, the L55M polymorphism did not show significant association with CAD (OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 0.66–4.95, p = 0.326). Conclusions: The Q192R polymorphism in the PON1 gene may be a susceptibility gene associated with increased risk of CAD in an Asian Indian population

Proteome profile changes during poly-hydroxybutyrate intracellular mobilization in gram positive Bacillus cereus tsu1

Bacillus cereus is a bacterial species which grows efficiently on a wide range of carbon sources and accumulates biopolymer poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) up to 80% cell dry weight. PHB is an aliphatic polymer produced and stored intracellularly as a reservoir of carbon and energy, its mobilization is a key biological process for sporulation in Bacillus spp. Previously, B. cereus tsu1 was isolated and cultured on rapeseed cake substrate (RCS), with maximum of PHB accumulation reached within 12 h, and depleted after 48 h. Fore-spore and spore structure were observed after 24 h culture

ENPP1 K121Q functional variant enhances susceptibility to insulin resistance and dyslipidemia with metabolic syndrome in Asian Indians

Background: Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase1 (ENPP1/PC-1) is a key modulator of the insulin signaling pathway, and its common variant, K121Q, increases the susceptibility to diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Objectives: The main objective of the present study was to investigate the association of ENPP1 K121Q polymorphism with the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in a north Indian population. Methods: A total of 567 participants (303 MetS subjects and 264 healthy controls) were examined for ENPP1 genotypes and various clinical parameters, including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP/DBP), fasting blood glucose (FBG), cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), highdensity lipoprotein, and insulin. Genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Statistical analysis of the data was done using SPSS. Results: Significant increases in BMI, WC, SBP, DBP, FBG, TG, low-density lipoprotein, insulin, and Homeostasis Model Assessment of insulin resistance (HOMAIR) and of beta-cell function (HOMA-BF) were observed in MetS patients compared to healthy controls. Logistic regression analysis of data demonstrated a nonsignificant association of QQ and KQ+QQ genotypes with increased risk of MetS (OR [95% CI], 1.583 [0.455–5.507], p = 0.470 for QQ genotypes and 1.097 [0.784–1.540], p = 0.587 for KQ+QQ genotypes). Moreover, MetS subjects carrying Q alleles had significantly higher levels of TG, insulin, body fat percentage, and insulin resistance as evident by higher values of HOMAIR. Conclusions: We conclude that ENPP1 K121Q functional variant enhances susceptibility to insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in MetS subjects of an Asian Indian population

Prevalence and predictors of age related macular degeneration in the population of Punjab: North Indian age related macular degeneration epidemiology and molecular genetic study (NI-ARMEMS)

Background: Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is an ocular disease that is threatening elderly population of Punjab for vision impairment and blindness. Comprehensive understanding of the susceptible factors still remains to be explored in this region. Objective: To examine the risk variables which are independently associated with the risk of AMD along with the investigation of its prevalence in the population of Punjab. Methods: A case-control study by design involved 416 subjects (cases; 219, controls; 197) of age ranging from 45 to 75 years. Various risk factors were investigated for their role in consenting and confirmed AMD subjects along with controls. Results: In the univariate full factorial regression analysis, advancing age (≥66years), being a woman, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (>80mmHg), cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, body mass index (BMI) (23-29.9Kgm-2 and ≥30Kgm-2 ), sedentary life style, total cholesterol (>200mg/dl), low density lipoproteins (>100mg/dl), high density lipoproteins (≥40mg/dl), non-vegetarian diet and positive family history were found to be risky determinants. Multivariable stepwise regression analysis revealed age ≥66 years, DBP > 80mmHg, alcohol drinking and smoking as independent predictors for the risk of AMD. Conclusion: Considerable prevalence of dry AMD (20.5%) is evident in the population of Punjab which is mediated independently by age (≥66 years), DBP (>80 mmHg), alcohol drinking and smoking

Heat-induced Proteome Changes in Tomato Leaves

Three tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivars [Walter LA3465 (heat-tolerant), Edkawi LA 2711 (unknown heat tolerance, salt-tolerant), and LA1310 (cherry tomato)] were compared for changes in leaf proteomes after heat treatment. Seedlings with four fully expanded leaves were subjected to heat treatment of 39/25 °C at a 16:8 h light–dark cycle for 7 days. Leaves were collected at 1200 hr, 4 h after the light cycle started. For ‘Walter’ LA3465, heat-suppressed proteins were geranylgeranyl reductase, ferredoxin-NADP (+) reductase, Rubisco activase, transketolase, phosphoglycerate kinase precursor, fructose–bisphosphate aldolase, glyoxisomal malate dehydrogenase, catalase, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase, and methionine synthase. Two enzymes were induced, cytosolic NADP-malic enzyme and superoxide dismutase. For ‘Edkawi’ LA2711, nine enzymes were suppressed: ferredoxin-NADP (+) reductase, Rubisco activase, S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, methioine synthase, glyoxisomal malate dehydrogenase, enolase, flavonol synthase, M1 family peptidase, and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase. Heat-induced proteins were cyclophilin, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, transketolase, phosphoglycolate phosphatase, ATPase, photosystem II oxygen-evolving complex 23, and NAD-dependent epimerase/dehydratase. For cherry tomato LA1310, heat-suppressed proteins were aminotransferase, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase, L-ascorbate peroxidase, lactoylglutathione lyase, and Rubisco activase. Heat-induced enzymes were glyoxisomal malate dehydrogenase, phosphoribulokinasee, and ATP synthase. This research resulted in the identification of proteins that were induced/repressed in all tomato cultivars evaluated (e.g., Rubisco activase, methionine synthase, adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase, and others) and those differentially expressed (e.g., transketolase)

The role of TLR4, TNF-α and IL-1β in type 2 diabetes mellitus development within a North Indian Population.

This study investigated the role of IL-1β-511 (rs16944), TLR4-896 (rs4986790) and TNF-α-308 (rs1800629) polymorphisms in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among an endogamous Northern Indian population. 414 participants (204 T2DM patients and 210 non-diabetic controls) were genotyped for IL-1β-511, TLR4-896 and TNF-α-308 loci. The C allele of IL-1β-511 was shown to increase T2DM susceptibility by 75% (OR: 1.75 [CI 1.32-2.33]). Having two parents affected by T2DM increased susceptibility by 5.7 times (OR: 5.693 [CI 1.431-22.648]). In this study, we have demonstrated a conclusive association with IL-1β-511 locus and IL1B-511-TLR4-896 diplotype (CC-AA) and T2DM, which warrants further comprehensive analyses in larger cohorts