TRIP8b is required for maximal expression of HCN1 in the mouse retina.

Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels are cation-selective channels present in retina, brain and heart. The activity of HCN channels contributes to signal integration, cell excitability and pacemaker activity. HCN1 channels expressed in photoreceptors participate in keeping light responses transient and are required for normal mesopic vision. The subcellular localization of HCN1 varies among cell types. In photoreceptors HCN1 is concentrated in the inner segments while in other retinal neurons, HCN1 is evenly distributed though the cell. This is in contrast to hippocampal neurons where HCN1 is concentrated in a subset of dendrites. A key regulator of HCN1 trafficking and activity is tetratricopeptide repeat-containing Rab8b interacting protein (TRIP8b). Multiple splice isoforms of TRIP8b are expressed throughout the brain and can differentially regulate the surface expression and activity of HCN1. The purpose of the present study was to determine which isoforms of TRIP8b are expressed in the retina and to test if loss of TRIP8b alters HCN1 expression or trafficking. We found that TRIP8b colocalizes with HCN1 in multiple retina neurons and all major splice isoforms of TRIP8b are expressed in the retina. Photoreceptors express three different isoforms. In TRIP8b knockout mice, the ability of HCN1 to traffic to the surface of retinal neurons is unaffected. However, there is a large decrease in the total amount of HCN1. We conclude that TRIP8b in the retina is needed to achieve maximal expression of HCN1

TUDCA Slows Retinal Degeneration in Two Different Mouse Models of Retinitis Pigmentosa and Prevents Obesity in Bardet-Biedl Syndrome Type 1 Mice

TUDCA treatment preserved ERG b-waves and the outer nuclear layer in Bardet-Biedl syndrome mice and prevented obesity assessed at P120. TUDCA treatment preserved ERG b-waves and the outer nuclear layer in rd10 mice to P30

AAV2/4-RS1 gene therapy in the retinoschisin knockout mouse model of X-linked retinoschisis

Objective To evaluate efficacy of a novel adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector, AAV2/4-RS1, for retinal rescue in the retinoschisin knockout (Rs1-KO) mouse model of X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS). Brinzolamide (Azopt®), a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, was tested for its ability to potentiate the effects of AAV2/4-RS1. Methods AAV2/4-RS1 with a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter (2x1012 viral genomes/mL) was delivered to Rs1-KO mice via intravitreal (N = 5; 1μL) or subretinal (N = 21; 2μL) injections at postnatal day 60–90. Eleven mice treated with subretinal therapy also received topical Azopt® twice a day. Serial full field electroretinography (ERG) was performed starting at day 50–60 post-injection. Mice were evaluated using a visually guided swim assay (VGSA) in light and dark conditions. The experimental groups were compared to untreated Rs1-KO (N = 11), wild-type (N = 12), and Rs1-KO mice receiving only Azopt® (N = 5). Immunofluorescence staining was performed to assess RS1 protein expression following treatment. Results The ERG b/a ratio was significantly higher in the subretinal plus Azopt® (pConclusions AAV2/4-RS1 shows promise for improving retinal phenotype in the Rs1-KO mouse model. Subretinal delivery was superior to intravitreal. Topical brinzolamide did not improve efficacy. AAV2/4-RS1 may be considered as a potential treatment for XLRS patients

Multiple TRIP8b splice variants are expressed in photoreceptors.

<p><i>A)</i> Mouse retina section before laser capture micro-dissection, dotted white lines indicate region subsequently collected and shown in <i>B</i>. <i>C)</i> RT-PCR products obtained using RNA isolated from tissue collected as in <i>B</i> with the isoform specific primers depicted in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0085850#pone-0085850-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2A</a>. Reverse transcriptase was omitted as a negative control. Immunostaining with an antibody recognizing exon 4 in TRIP8b labels photoreceptors of <i>D)</i> wild type, <i>E)</i> TRIP8b 1b/2^−/−, but not <i>F)</i> TRIP8b^−/− mouse retina. Asterisks indicate non-specific labeling of blood vessels. Abbreviations as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0085850#pone-0085850-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1</a>; Scale bars are 20 µm.</p

TRIP8b co-localizes with HCN1 in retina.

<p>Mouse retina immunostained with antibodies against <i>A)</i> TRIP8b (red), <i>B)</i> HCN1 (green), <i>C)</i> merged image demonstrating co-localization of these two proteins in the IS and OPL and partial co-localization in the IPL. Asterisks indicate non-specific labeling of blood vessels; arrows indicate IPL sublamina strongly labeled for HCN and containing TRIP8b. The nuclei are counterstained with Hoechst (blue). Abbreviations: OS, outer segment; IS, inner segment; ONL, outer nuclear layer; OPL, outer plexiform layer; INL, inner nuclear layer; IPL, inner plexiform layer; GC, ganglion cell layer. Scale bar is 20 µm.</p

HCN1 protein levels are reduced in the absence of TRIP8b.

<p>Anti-HCN1 antibodies were used to immunostain retina from <i>A)</i> wild type <i>B)</i> TRIP8b 1b/2^−/−, or <i>C)</i> TRIP8b^−/− mice. Abbreviations as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0085850#pone-0085850-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1</a>; Scale bars are 20 µm. <i>D)</i> Western blots of total retina lysates probed with anti-HCN1, with PDC used as a loading control. <i>E)</i> Relative amount of HCN1 expressed in the retina of wild type, HCN1 heterozygous, and TRIP8b^−/− mice as measured using semi-quantitative Western blots.</p

HCN1 is required to fully recruit TRIP8b to the membrane.

<p><i>A)</i> Anti-HCN1 antibodies were used to co-immunoprecipitate TRIP8b from retinal membranes. Membranes prepared from HCN1^−/− retinas were used as the negative control. <i>B)</i> Western blot comparing the amount of TRIP8b present in total retina lysates from wild type, both TRIP8b knockout lines, and HCN1^−/− mice. Phosducin (PDC) is the loading control. <i>C)</i> Retina lysates from wild type and HCN1^−/− mice separated into cytosolic and membrane fractions probed with anti-TRIP8b and anti-HCN1 antibodies. PDC and sodium/potassium ATPase (NKA) are loading controls for each fraction. Immunostaining of TRIP8b in wild type (<i>D</i>) and HCN1^−/− retina (<i>E</i>) is indistinguishable. Abbreviations as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0085850#pone-0085850-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1</a>; Scale bars are 20 µm.</p

The surface expression of HCN1 is maintained in TRIP8b^−/−.

<p><i>A)</i> Streptavidin staining of control (left) and biotinylated retina (right). <i>B)</i> After biotinylation, surface proteins from either control wild type (WT) or TRIP8b^−/− mice were pulled down using NeutrAvidin beads. The level of HCN1 in the total (input) and surface (eluted from NeutrAvidin beads) pools was detected by Western blotting. PDC and NKA were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. <i>C)</i> Densitometry of Western blots represented in (B) was used to calculate the surface to total ratio of HCN1 after normalization to the loading control NKA.</p

RNA Interference-Based Therapy for Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 7 Retinal Degeneration

<div><p>Spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of motor coordination and retinal degeneration with no current therapies in the clinic. The causative mutation is an expanded CAG repeat in the ataxin-7 gene whose mutant protein product causes cerebellar and brainstem degeneration and retinal cone-rod dystrophy. Here, we reduced the expression of both mutant and wildtype ataxin-7 in the SCA7 mouse retina by RNA interference and evaluated retinal function 23 weeks post injection. We observed a preservation of normal retinal function and no adverse toxicity with ≥50% reduction of mutant and wildtype ataxin-7 alleles. These studies address an important safety concern regarding non-allele specific silencing of ataxin-7 for SCA7 retinal therapy.</p></div