Family resources and college enrollment

This article reviews the literature on the effects of family income and tuition costs on college and enrollment and finds mixed evidence in support of tuition subsidies. The author also presents new evidence showing that college enrollment is especially sensitive to income for families with modest amounts of wealth, suggesting that borrowing constraints may be a factor in limiting access to higher education.College costs ; Income

In vitro / in vivo evaluation of procera gum-ethylcellulose microspheres for colonic delivery of budesonide

The objective of the present research was to develop colonic delivery system for budesonide based on polymer blends of natural polysaccharides from Albizia procera and GI insoluble polymer ethylcellulose. Emulsion solvent evaporation method was followed for preparation of the microspheres. In vitro drug release was studied on a medium simulating gastrointestinal fluid and mechanism of drug release was determined by Korsemeyer-Peppas equation. In vivo performance of the microsphere was evaluated on acetic acid induced colitis in rats. Drug release studies showed microspheres from procera gum-ethylcellulose coating was able to resist premature drug release in the upper GI tract and susceptible to enzyme effects in the colon. Treatment of rats with budesonide test formulation for five days also significantly attenuated the extent and severity of the cell damage and is a promising system for treatment of ulcerative colitis

ETORICOXIB-LOADED SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLE DOSAGE FORM: FORMULATION, OPTIMIZATION, CHARACTERIZATION, STABILITY STUDYAND IN-VITRO IN-VIVO EVALUATION

Objective: The aim of present research work is to increase the bioavailability of poorly water soluble drug etoricoxib by developing solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN). Due to their unique size dependent properties, lipid nanoparticles offer the possibility to develop new therapeutics and enhance the bioavailability.Methods: An aqueous-based etoricoxib loaded solid lipid nanoparticles were prepared by hot and high speed homogenization technique, using different ratio of stearic acid and tripalmitin as lipid and different amount of pluronic F-68 as emulsifier. Optimization was done by surface response methodology (SRM) technique. The formulations are charecterised by drug content, drug entrapment efficiency, particle size and zea potential determination, SEM etc and evaluated by pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and stability study.Results: Particle size distribution, entrapment efficiency and drug release were found 499.20 nm, 72% and 98.36% simultaneously, for selected optimized formulations. Zeta potential and span of optimized formulation found to be within the range of+34.2±0.9 and 0.29. in-vivo studies shows that pain reaction time (PRT) has increased from 6.2±0.42 to 8.45±0.19 second. Pharmacokinetic study shows an increasing remarkable result for Cmax which one is increased from 6274.290 μg ml−1 h to 8558.134 μg ml−1 h when compared with the standard formulation and for AUC it has been observed from 94202.963 mg. h. l-1 to 124310.201 mg. h. l-1Conclusion: Development of SLN formulations could be a better approach to increase the bioavailability of poorly water soluble drug like etoricoxib.Â

In vitro/in vivo evaluation of procera gum-ethylcellulose microspheres for colonic delivery of budesonide.

The objective of the present research was to a develop colonic delivery system for budesonide based on polymer blends of natural polysaccharides from Albizia procera and the GI-insoluble polymer ethylcellulose. An emulsion solvent evaporation method was used for the preparation of the microspheres. In vitro drug release was studied in a medium simulating gastrointestinal fluid and the mechanism of drug release was determined using the Korsemeyer-Peppas equation. In vivo performance of the microsphere was evaluated in acetic acid induced colitis in rats. Drug release studies showed that the microspheres with a procera gumethylcellulose coating were able to resist premature drug release in the upper GI tract and yet were susceptible to enzyme effects in the colon. Treatment of rats with a budesonide test formulation for five days significantly attenuated the extent and severity of the cell damage and could thus be a promising system for the treatment of ulcerative colitis

Formulation and evaluation of gliclazide loaded controlled release microspheres

The aim of this study was to formulate gliclazide loaded controlled release microspheres. Microspheres were prepared by quasi emulsion solvent diffusion technique using eudragit RLPO, eudragit RSPO and with their various combinations. The effect of different formulation variables (drug-polymer ratio and polymer-polymer ratio) on percent yield, mean particle size, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro release of drug were evaluated. In vivo test of the optimized formulation was performed on streptozotocin induced type-2 diabetic rat model. The formulated microspheres showed higher encapsulation efficiencies within the range of 72-84 %. Mean particle size, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro release were found to be affected by changing in formulation variables. In vitro release study revealed the gliclazide release from the microspheres was extended for more than 12 h. In vivo hypoglycemic effect of microspheres was more than 25 h suggesting microspheres are a valuable system for sustained delivery of gliclazide.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Formulation and evaluation of gliclazide loaded controlled release microspheres

The aim of this study was to formulate gliclazide loaded controlled release microspheres. Microspheres were prepared by quasi emulsion solvent diffusion technique using eudragit RLPO, eudragit RSPO and with their various combinations. The effect of different formulation variables (drug-polymer ratio and polymer-polymer ratio) on percent yield, mean particle size, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro release of drug were evaluated. In vivo test of the optimized formulation was performed on streptozotocin induced type-2 diabetic rat model. The formulated microspheres showed higher encapsulation efficiencies within the range of 72-84 %. Mean particle size, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro release were found to be affected by changing in formulation variables. In vitro release study revealed the gliclazide release from the microspheres was extended for more than 12 h. In vivo hypoglycemic effect of microspheres was more than 25 h suggesting microspheres are a valuable system for sustained delivery of gliclazide.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Cardiorespiratory and Neuromuscular Effects of Freshwater Cyanophyte Anabena flosaquae in Rats

Anatoxin-a, recognised as a potent toxin warfare agent, is considered as a weapon of mass destruction due to its lethal anticholinesterase activity. The intravenous administration of cell-free extract of Anabena flosaquae UTEX-2383(anatoxin-a) produced a transient vasodepressor response followed by a sustained rise in blood pressure. The vasodepressor effect was potentiated by physostigmine and antagonised by atropine and bilateral vagotomy, suggesting the involvement of cholinergic system. On the contrary, the vasopressor response was antagonised by hexamethonium prazosin and hemicholinium-3, indicating that the toxin stimulates the sympathetic system through the release of catecholamines from nerve endings. Prolonged apnoea with attendant bronchoconstriction was observed corresponding to bradycardia and vasppressor response which remained unaltered by atropine while antagonised by bilateral vagotomy. The extract when administered intra-arterially did not modify the apnoea induced by veratridine; but phenyldiguanide potentiated the bronchoconstriction, indicating the involvement of pulmonary vagal afferents. The extract produced a dose- and time-dependent blockade of indirect muscle twitch recorded from gastrocnemius muscle. The neuromuscular blockade was potentiated by neostigmine but unaltered by DTC

Capsaicinoids Content of Some Indigenous Capsicum Varieties of Assam, India

Seven indigenous varieties of capsicum belonging to five different species available locally in Assam were collected and evaluated for capsaicinoids content with a view to assess their relative potency and/or hotness in order to ensure the functional as well as the nutritional quality of capsicum. These include Capsicum annum (Jati Jolokia), Capsicum baccatum (Ohm Jolokia), Capsicum chinense (Bhut Jolokia), Capsicum frutescens (Dhan Jolokia, Maam Jolokia, Totta Bias) and Capsicum pubescens (Bhikue Jolokia). The word Jolokia usually refers to the vernacular (Assamese) name of capsicum or chilli that is often used just after the particular local name of the capsicum variety as mentioned above by the local people of Assam. Results indicate that Bhut Jolokia (Capsicum chinense) and Dhan Jolokia (Capsicum frutescens) possess comparatively higher amount of capsaicinoids (>2%) than other varieties of capsicum. The capsaicinoids content of Bhut Jolokia (2.45%) was still higher than that of Dhan Jolokia (2.14%). Different varieties of capsicum with decreasing order of their capsaicinoids content are as follows: Bhut Jolokia (2.45%) > Dhan Jolokia (2.14%) > Maam Jolokia (1.38%) > Bhikue Jolokia (0.92) > Ohm Jolokia (0.67%) > Jati Jolokia (0.51%) > Totta bias (0.25%). It is very interesting that in addition to Bhut Jolokia, the hottest capsicum of the world, another potential and hot capsicum variety i.e., Dhan Jolokia has been evolved. However, our present study was an attempt to identify such potential and hot capsicum varieties available locally in Assam for the production of capsaicinoids at large in order to meet the increasing demand of capsicum or capsaicinoids in the global market. Furthermore, large scale cultivation and proper utilization of these indigenous capsicum varieties will help improve the agricultural economy of the state and the country as a whole. Keywords: indigenous, Bhut Jolokia, Dhan Jolokia, capsaicioids, climatic condition, capsaici

Formulation and evaluation of gliclazide loaded controlled release microspheres

The aim of this study was to formulate gliclazide loaded controlled release microspheres. Microspheres were prepared by quasi emulsion solvent diffusion technique using eudragit RLPO, eudragit RSPO and with their various combinations. The effect of different formulation variables (drug-polymer ratio and polymer-polymer ratio) on percent yield, mean particle size, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro release of drug were evaluated. In vivo test of the optimized formulation was performed on streptozotocin induced type-2 diabetic rat model. The formulated microspheres showed higher encapsulation efficiencies within the range of 72-84 %. Mean particle size, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro release were found to be affected by changing in formulation variables. In vitro release study revealed the gliclazide release from the microspheres was extended for more than 12 h. In vivo hypoglycemic effect of microspheres was more than 25 h suggesting microspheres are a valuable system for sustained delivery of gliclazide.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Development and Standardisation of a Method for Inflicting Frostbite Injury in Rats and Formulation of Essential Oil in Treatment of Frostbite

Frostbite is a cold induced injury which occurs due to exposure of a particular site of body to sub-zero temperature. One of the primary reasons for lack of proper studies about the underlying mechanism of frostbite injury is due to non-availability of any reliable animal model and method for inflicting frostbite. In our current research, a device was designed and standardised to inflict frostbite wound in wistar rat. A formulation comprising different combination of essential oils was also developed and its activity was assessed and found effective in the treatment of frostbite wound