Mass Spectrometry-Based Lipidomics Indicates that Consumption of Fatty Fish Alters the lipid species Profile of Human LDL

Lipoproteins are biochemical carriers of the insoluble lipids. They are complexes combining lipids and proteins for the transport of lipids. Amongst the type of lipoproteins are low-density lipoproteins (LDL) which are prevalent in various diseases such as obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and other cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Omega-3 fatty acids are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) that are essential components of lipid metabolism and play a significant role in the human diet. Omega-3 PUFAs such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are derived from fish and are necessary for proper cardiovascular functioning. Because the human body is unable to produce enough quantities of some omega-3, diet is an important source for its availability. When a diet is rich in saturated fats, the above-mentioned diseases transpire. This study investigated how consumption of two fish diets, Lean fish and Fatty fish, influence the lipid species of human LDL particles. The lipid species analysed in this study are phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine (PC), sphingomyelin (SM), and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), and cholesteryl esters (CE), and triacylglycerols (TAG). A total of 42 volunteers with a history of impaired fasting glucose had randomly been divided into two groups: fatty fish (4 fish meals/week) and lean fish (4 fish meals/week) for 12 weeks. Blood samples had been collected from the volunteers before and after consumption of the fish meals and LDL particles had been isolated from the blood samples by ultracentrifugation. In this study, the lipids were extracted by Folch method, and the extracted lipids were analysed using Triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. The lipid class profile did not change due to the two fish type diets. However, the consumption of fatty fish diet increased the levels of lipid species of PC, LPC, and CE containing EPA and DHA acyl chains, while decreasing levels of several TAG species. Lean fish induced minor changes in the lipid composition of LDL particles. Based on these results, fatty fish diet alters the plasma LDL lipidome profile with changes induced to both the surface and the core composition of the LDL particles in a positive way regarding cardiovascular health

Lipidomic changes of LDL after consumption of Camelina sativa oil, fatty fish and lean fish in subjects with impaired glucose metabolism-A randomized controlled trial

Background: There is little knowledge on the effects of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) on the LDL lipidome and aggregation of LDL particles. Objective: We examined if consumption of Camelina sativa oil (CSO) as a source of ALA, fatty fish (FF) as a source of n-3 LCPUFA and lean fish (LF) as a source of fish protein affect the lipidome of LDL as compared to a control diet. Methods: Participants with impaired glucose tolerance (39 women and 40 men) were randomized to 4 study groups (CSO providing 10 g/d ALA, FF and LF [both 4 fish meals/wk] and control limiting their fish and ALA intake) in a 12-week, parallel trial. Diets were instructed and dietary fats were provided to the participants. The lipidome of LDL particles isolated from samples collected at baseline and after intervention was analyzed with electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Results: In the CSO group, the relative concentrations of saturated and monounsaturated cholesteryl ester species in LDL decreased and the species with ALA increased. In the FF group, LDL phosphatidylcholine (PC) species containing n-3 LCPUFA increased. There was a significant positive correlation between the change in total sphingomyelin and change in LDL aggregation, while total PC and triunsaturated PC species were inversely associated with LDL aggregation when all the study participants were included in the analysis. Conclusion: Dietary intake of CSO and FF modifies the LDL lipidome to contain more polyunsaturated and less saturated lipid species. The LDL surface lipids are associated with LDL aggregation. (c) 2021 National Lipid Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )Peer reviewe

Fatty fish consumption reduces lipophilic index in erythrocyte membranes and serum phospholipids

Background and aims: Lipophilic index (LI) has been introduced to assess the overall fatty acid lipophilicity and as a simple estimate of membrane fluidity. However, little is known on effect of diet on LI. We tested if Camelina sativa oil (CSO) high in ALA, fatty fish (FF) or lean fish (LF) affect LI as compared to control diet and, secondarily, if the LI is associated with HDL lipids and functionality and LDL lipidome.Methods and results: We used data from two randomized clinical trials. The AlfaFish intervention lasted 12 weeks and 79 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance were randomized to FF, LF, CSO or control group. In the Fish trial, 33 subjects with myocardial infarction or unstable ischemic heart attack were randomized to FF, LF or control group for 8 weeks. LI was calculated from erythrocyte membrane fatty acids in AlfaFish and from serum phospholipids in Fish trial. HDL lipids were measured using high-throughput proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. There was a significant decrease in LI in the FF group in the AlfaFish (fold change 0.98 +/- 0.03) and in the Fish trial (0.95 +/- 0.04) and the decrease differed from that of control group in both trials and from CSO group in the AlfaFish study. There were no significant changes in LI in LF or CSO groups. The mean diameter of HDL particles and concentration of large HDL particles were inversely associated with LI.Conclusion: FF consumption decreased LI indicating better membrane fluidity in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or coronary heart disease. (C) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of The Italian Diabetes Society, the Italian Society for the Study of Atherosclerosis, the Italian Society of Human Nutrition and the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Peer reviewe