Alcohol-Related Context Modulates Performance of Social Drinkers in a Visual Go/No-Go Task: A Preliminary Assessment of Event-Related Potentials

Background Increased alcohol cue-reactivity and altered inhibitory processing have been reported in heavy social drinkers and alcohol-dependent patients, and are associated with relapse. In social drinkers, these two processes have been usually studied separately by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) during rapid picture presentation. The aim of our study was to confront social drinkers to a task triggering high alcohol cue-reactivity, to verify whether it specifically altered inhibitory performance, by using long-lasting background picture presentation. Methods ERP were recorded during visual Go/No-Go tasks performed by social drinkers, in which a frequent Go signal (letter “M”), and a rare No-Go signal (letter “W”) were superimposed on three different types of background pictures: neutral (black background), alcohol-related and non alcohol-related. Results Our data suggested that heavy social drinkers made more commission errors than light drinkers, but only in the alcohol-related context. Neurophysiologically, this was reflected by a delayed No-Go P3 component. Conclusions Elevated alcohol cue-reactivity may lead to poorer inhibitory performance in heavy social drinkers, and may be considered as an important vulnerability factor in developing alcohol misuse. Prevention programs should be designed to decrease the high arousal of alcohol stimuli and strengthen cognitive control in young, at-risk individuals.This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Tailor-made ionic liquids

This article presents a first consequent thermodynamic optimization of ionic liquids (IL) as entrainers in the distillative separation of both an azeotropic aqueous (tetrahydrofuran + water) and a close-boiling aromatic test system (methylcyclohexane + toluene) on the basis of COSMO-RS predictions. The use of this method allows for the preselection from the large pool of available IL. Thus, favorable structural variations were identified and used for tailoring IL entrainers. For the prediction of activity coefficients with COSMO-RS, the use of different conformations of the components, derived from conformational analyses, leads to varying results. The simulations showed that the influence of conformations of the volatile components and the ionic liquids depends largely on the type of the phase equilibrium, which is investigated. The approach to tailor ionic liquids as additives for separation science starts with the prediction of the activity coefficients at infinite dilution. The simulation indicated that a higher degree of branching or longer alkyl substituents on the cation, as well as a low nucleophilicity of the anion decreases both selectivity and capacity in the polar test mixture. However, COSMO-RS calculations for the non-polar mixture showed that the selection of an entrainer for this system is more complicated, because - contrarily to (tetrahydrofuran + water) - structural variations of the IL entrainer cause converse changes in selectivity and capacity: while the selectivity for toluene increases with a lower degree of branching and a shorter alkyl substituent of the cation as well as with a lower nucleophilicity of the anion.. these properties decrease the capacity. In this work. the most favorable IL entrainers were synthesized and the separation factors of the test systems were experimentally validated at finite dilution. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved