400 research outputs found
Towards Grower-friendly Apple Crop Thinning by Tree Shading
Light management with shading nets, which reduce sunlight by 74%, might be an
alternative to chemicals commonly used for thinning on apple trees. To study the effect of
shading on crop load and fruit quality, trials were conducted in field experiments with the
cultivars Golden Delicious and Elstar in 2006. Trees were either covered 25 days after full
bloom (DAFB) with a net during three days, or until the peak of fruit fall, observed after
seven days shading. Ideal time length for optimal crop yield was seven days shading for
Elstar and three days shading for Golden Delicious. Alternate bearing could be decreased
as flower initiation counts the following year showed. In both experiments, inner quality of
fruit such as sugar and firmness showed good values at optimal shading duration
compared with chemical + hand thinning. In 2007, a second field trial was conducted with
cultivars Golden Delicious and Topaz to study the time period for shading in further detail.
Shading was done for three days at 19, 26 and 33 DAFB using two net types (three- and
two-meter-net width, covering the trees entirely or only down to 50 cm above ground). For
Golden Delicious, shading after 19 and 26 days reduced fruits per 100 flower cluster to the
same extent as with chemical + hand thinning. There was no difference between the two
net types. For Topaz, shading after 19 days showed the best results. Regarding inner
quality of both cultivars, only sugar content for Golden Delicious could be significantly
improved after 19 and 26 days shading. Further analyses are still under way (e.g. for
acidity).
This study is part of an effort for increasing European consumption with fruit from
sustainable production systems, the ISAFRUIT-EU-project
The Damping Wing of the Gunn-Peterson Absorption and Lyman-Alpha Emitters in the Pre-Reionization Era
We use a numerical simulation of cosmological reionization to estimate the
likelihood of detecting Lyman-alpha emitting galaxies during the
pre-reionization era. We show that it is possible to find galaxies even at z~9
that are barely affected by the dumping wing of the Gunn-Peterson absorption
from the neutral IGM outside of their HII regions. The damping wing becomes
rapidly more significant at z>9, but even at z>10 is it not inconceivable
(although quite hard) to see a Lyman-alpha emission line from a star-forming
galaxy.Comment: submitted to Ap
POTENT Reconstruction from Mark III Velocities
We present an improved POTENT method for reconstructing the velocity and mass
density fields from radial peculiar velocities, test it with mock catalogs, and
apply it to the Mark III Catalog. Method improvments: (a) inhomogeneous
Malmquist bias is reduced by grouping and corrected in forward or inverse
analyses of inferred distances, (b) the smoothing into a radial velocity field
is optimized to reduce window and sampling biases, (c) the density is derived
from the velocity using an improved nonlinear approximation, and (d) the
computational errors are made negligible. The method is tested and optimized
using mock catalogs based on an N-body simulation that mimics our cosmological
neighborhood, and the remaining errors are evaluated quantitatively. The Mark
III catalog, with ~3300 grouped galaxies, allows a reliable reconstruction with
fixed Gaussian smoothing of 10-12 Mpc/h out to ~60 Mpc/h. We present maps of
the 3D velocity and mass-density fields and the corresponding errors. The
typical systematic and random errors in the density fluctuations inside 40
Mpc/h are \pm 0.13 and \pm 0.18. The recovered mass distribution resembles in
its gross features the galaxy distribution in redshift surveys and the mass
distribution in a similar POTENT analysis of a complementary velocity catalog
(SFI), including the Great Attractor, Perseus-Pisces, and the void in between.
The reconstruction inside ~40 Mpc/h is not affected much by a revised
calibration of the distance indicators (VM2, tailored to match the velocities
from the IRAS 1.2Jy redshift survey). The bulk velocity within the sphere of
radius 50 Mpc/h about the Local Group is V_50=370 \pm 110 km/s (including
systematic errors), and is shown to be mostly generated by external mass
fluctuations. With the VM2 calibration, V_50 is reduced to 305 \pm 110 km/s.Comment: 60 pages, LaTeX, 3 tables and 27 figures incorporated (may print the
most crucial figures only, by commenting out one line in the LaTex source
Quantifying structure in networks
We investigate exponential families of random graph distributions as a
framework for systematic quantification of structure in networks. In this paper
we restrict ourselves to undirected unlabeled graphs. For these graphs, the
counts of subgraphs with no more than k links are a sufficient statistics for
the exponential families of graphs with interactions between at most k links.
In this framework we investigate the dependencies between several observables
commonly used to quantify structure in networks, such as the degree
distribution, cluster and assortativity coefficients.Comment: 17 pages, 3 figure
Evolution of magnetic fields through cosmological perturbation theory
The origin of galactic and extra-galactic magnetic fields is an unsolved
problem in modern cosmology. A possible scenario comes from the idea of these
fields emerged from a small field, a seed, which was produced in the early
universe (phase transitions, inflation, ...) and it evolves in time.
Cosmological perturbation theory offers a natural way to study the evolution of
primordial magnetic fields. The dynamics for this field in the cosmological
context is described by a cosmic dynamo like equation, through the dynamo term.
In this paper we get the perturbed Maxwell's equations and compute the energy
momentum tensor to second order in perturbation theory in terms of gauge
invariant quantities. Two possible scenarios are discussed, first we consider a
FLRW background without magnetic field and we study the perturbation theory
introducing the magnetic field as a perturbation. The second scenario, we
consider a magnetized FLRW and build up the perturbation theory from this
background. We compare the cosmological dynamo like equation in both scenarios
A hierarchy of voids: Much ado about nothing
We present a model for the distribution of void sizes and its evolution in
the context of hierarchical scenarios of gravitational structure formation. We
find that at any cosmic epoch the voids have a size distribution which is
well-peaked about a characteristic void size which evolves self-similarly in
time. This is in distinct contrast to the distribution of virialized halo
masses which does not have a small-scale cut-off.
In our model, the fate of voids is ruled by two processes. The first process
affects those voids which are embedded in larger underdense regions: the
evolution is effectively one in which a larger void is made up by the mergers
of smaller voids, and is analogous to how massive clusters form from the
mergers of less massive progenitors. The second process is unique to voids, and
occurs to voids which happen to be embedded within a larger scale overdensity:
these voids get squeezed out of existence as the overdensity collapses around
them. It is this second process which produces the cut-off at small scales.
In the excursion set formulation of cluster abundance and evolution, solution
of the cloud-in-cloud problem, i.e., counting as clusters only those objects
which are not embedded in larger clusters, requires study of random walks
crossing one barrier. We show that a similar formulation of void evolution
requires study of a two-barrier problem: one barrier is required to account for
voids-in-voids, and the other for voids-in-clouds. Thus, in our model, the void
size distribution is a function of two parameters, one of which reflects the
dynamics of void formation, and the other the formation of collapsed objects.Comment: 23 pages, 9 figures, submitted to MNRA
Non-uniqueness of the Dirac theory in a curved spacetime
We summarize a recent work on the subject title. The Dirac equation in a
curved spacetime depends on a field of coefficients (essentially the Dirac
matrices), for which a continuum of different choices are possible. We study
the conditions under which a change of the coefficient fields leads to an
equivalent Hamiltonian operator H, or to an equivalent energy operator E. In
this paper, we focus on the standard version of the gravitational Dirac
equation, but the non-uniqueness applies also to our alternative versions. We
find that the changes which lead to an equivalent operator H, or respectively
to an equivalent operator E, are determined by initial data, or respectively
have to make some point-dependent antihermitian matrix vanish. Thus, the vast
majority of the possible coefficient changes lead neither to an equivalent
operator H, nor to an equivalent operator E, whence a lack of uniqueness. We
show that even the Dirac energy spectrum is not unique.Comment: 13 pages (standard 12pt article format). Text of a talk given at the
1st Mediterranean Conference on Classical and Quantum Gravity, Kolymbari
(Greece), Sept. 14-18, 200
Redshift Evolution of the Nonlinear Two-Point Correlation Function
This paper presents a detailed theoretical study of the two-point correlation
function for both dark matter halos and the matter density field in five
cosmological models with varying matter density and neutrino
fraction . The objectives of this systematic study are to evaluate
the nonlinear gravitational effects on , to contrast the behavior of
for halos vs. matter, and to quantify the redshift evolution of and its
dependence on cosmological parameters. Overall, for halos exhibits
markedly slower evolution than for matter, and its redshift dependence is
much more intricate than the single power-law parameterization used in the
literature. Of particular interest is that the redshift evolution of the
halo-halo correlation length depends strongly on and
, being slower in models with lower or higher
. Measurements of to higher redshifts can therefore be a
potential discriminator of cosmological parameters. The evolution rate of
for halos within a given model increases with time, passing the phase of fixed
comoving clustering at to 3 toward the regime of stable clustering at
. The shape of the halo-halo , on the other hand, is well
approximated by a power law with slope -1.8 in all models and is not a
sensitive model discriminator.Comment: 22 pages, 8 postscript figures, AAS LaTeX v4.0. Accepted for
publication in The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 510 (January 1 1999
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