Turcs, Kurdes et Chypriotes devant la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme : une contestation judiciaire de questions politiques

Cet article examine la juridicisation de deux questions politiques internationales, à savoir la question des droits de l'homme en Turquie (incluant la question kurde) et la question chypriote. La Turquie, membre du Conseil de l'Europe et signataire de la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme, a reconnu en 1987 le droit de recours individuel devant la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme et, en 1990, la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour. Depuis, nous assistons à une croissance exponentielle du nombre de requêtes individuelles introduites devant la Cour contre la Turquie émanant de citoyens turcs, d'origine kurde pour nombre d'entre eux, et de Chypriotes grecs. Elles concernent les violations massives des droits de l'homme en Turquie (particulièrement en raison de la répression du séparatisme kurde) et la politique chypriote de la Turquie qui occupe ce qu'elle reconnaît comme la « République turque de Chypre-nord » dont l'accès est interdit aux Chypriotes grecs. La Turquie se trouve ainsi confrontée à la constitution d'un « espace international des droits de l'homme » dans lequel les individus parviennent à se faire entendre et à mettre en difficulté certains États qui, à l'instar de la Turquie, avaient repoussé jusque-là toute pression extérieure comme attentatoire à leur souveraineté. Les condamnations et le paiement de dommages et intérêts à des individus ordonnés par une instance supranationale remettent en cause les politiques de la Turquie et, dans le cas Loizidou, la contraindrait, si elle acceptait de payer, ce qu'elle n'a toujours pas fait, à dénier toute souveraineté à la « RTCN » et à endosser l'entière responsabilité de la situation actuelle à Chypre. Alors que le débat fait rage sur une éventuelle adhésion de la Turquie à l'Union européenne, les requêtes devant la CEDH donnent au problème une nouvelle dimension et montrent que les citoyens turcs et chypriotes expérimentent déjà leurs droits de citoyens européens.This paper considers the juridicization of two political problems, the human rights question in Turkey (including the Kurdish problem) and the Cyprus problem. Turkey, as a member of the Council of Europe and signatory of the European Convention on Human Rights, recognized in 1987 the individual right of application to the European Court of Human Rights and, in 1990, the binding jurisdiction of the Court. Since that, we observe an exponential growth of the number of applications v. Turkey introduced to the Court by Turkish citizens, some of Kurdish origin, andGreek Cypriots. They concern massive violations of human rights in Turkey (particularly because of the repression against Kurdish separatism) and Turkey's Cypriot policy, i. e. the occupation and recognition of the so-called « Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus » which access is denied to Greek Cypriots. Turkey is face to face with the constitution of an « international human rights area » in which the individuals succeed to make them selves heard and to make difficulties to states who, as Turkey, have refused all external pressures as a challenge to their sovereignty. The condemnations and payments of compensations and damages to individuals sentenced by a supranational institution are summoning the policies of Turkey and, in the Loizidou case, would force it, if it accepts to pay, that it has not done, to deny sovereignty to the « TRNC » and to accept the entire responsability of the current situation in Cyprus. At the time when the debate on Turkey's candidacy to the European Union is blazing, the applications to the ECHR give to the problem a new dimension and show that Turkish and Cypriot citizens are already using their European citizens' rights

Proliferation/Quiescence: When to start? Where to stop? What to stock?

The cell cycle is a tightly controlled series of events that ultimately lead to cell division. The literature deciphering the molecular processes involved in regulating the consecutive cell cycle steps is colossal. By contrast, much less is known about non-dividing cellular states, even if they concern the vast majority of cells, from prokaryotes to multi-cellular organisms. Indeed, cells decide to enter the division cycle only if conditions are favourable. Otherwise they may enter quiescence, a reversible non-dividing cellular state. Recent studies in yeast have shed new light on the transition between proliferation and quiescence, re-questioning the notion of cell cycle commitment. They also indicate a predominant role for cellular metabolic status as a major regulator of quiescence establishment and exit. Additionally, a growing body of evidence indicates that environmental conditions, and notably the availability of various nutrients, by impinging on specific metabolic routes, directly regulate specific cellular re-organization that occurs upon proliferation/quiescence transitions

Proliferation/quiescence: the controversial "aller-retour"

The vast majority of cells, from prokaryotes up to vertebrate organisms, spend most of their time in quiescence, a state defined as a temporary and reversible absence of proliferation. Establishing the quiescent state while maintaining the capacity to re-enter the proliferation cycle are critical for cell survival and must be tightly orchestrated to avoid pathological proliferation. Hence, studying the biology of quiescent cells is an exciting research field. Taking advantage of technical progress in genomic, transcriptomic and metabolomic, the nature of transitions between proliferation and quiescence have been recently re-visited in budding yeast. Together with new findings in cell biology, these studies resuscitate an old demon in the field: the controversial existence of a "quiescence program"

Demandes et ressources de travail, stress, engagement et intention de quitter : comparaison entre les travailleurs âgés et les jeunes travailleurs

En Belgique, le taux d’emploi des travailleurs âgés est un des plus faibles de toute l’Europe. Cela constitue un problème tant au niveau économique que social (Griffiths, 1997 ; Kilbom, 1999). Cette nouvelle problématique est le point de départ de recherches visant à identifier ce qui pousse les travailleurs à quitter précocement le lieu de travail. Se basant sur le modèle ‘Job Demands Resources (JDR) Model’ (e.g. Demerouti, Bakker, Nachreiner & Schaufeli, 2001; Schaufeli & Bakker, 2004), une étude a été conduite afin d’identifier les raisons de départ (Griffeth, Hom & Gaertner, 2000). Il s’agit également d’étudier le rôle du stress et de l’engagement dans l’explication de ces retraits précoces. Le but est de comparer un modèle d’explication du turnover pour trois classes d’âges ; les jeunes travailleurs, les travailleurs d’âge moyen et les travailleurs âgés. Un questionnaire a été développé afin d’identifier les raisons de départ des travailleurs. Quatre facteurs de départ sont considérés dans cette dimension trans-générationnelle. Deux d’entre eux concernent les ressources de travail, soit le manque de ressources, le manque de développement personnel, et les deux autres concernent les demandes du travail, soit la pression et les changements organisationnels. Une mesure du stress, de l’engagement et de l’intention de quitter a aussi été inclue. Au total, 11 entreprises belges ont participé à cette enquête, ce qui correspond à 1772 questionnaires. Les résultats montrent que le manque de développement personnel et les changements expliquent directement l’intention de quitter pour les jeunes et les travailleurs d’âge moyen. Par contre, le manque de ressources explique directement l’intention de quitter pour les travailleurs âgés. Le stress et l’engagement jouent un rôle important dans l’explication de l’intention de quitter pour les trois groupes d’âges. La pression et le manque de ressources expliquent le stress. Le manque de ressources, le manque de développement personnel et la pression ont un impact sur l’engagement. Les changements organisationnels n’expliquent pas le stress. Pour les travailleurs âgés, le manque de ressources n’affecte pas l’engagement. En conclusion, le manque de développement personnel et les changements organisationnels ont plus d’impact au début de la carrière et le manque de ressources est un problème qui concerne davantage les travailleurs âgés. L’état psychologique et l’évaluation des conditions de travail sont très importants pour toutes les classes d’âge dans la décision du retrait.Peer reviewe

TKDetection: a software to detect and segment wood knots

TKDetection is a software proposing to segment the wood knots obtained from X-Ray Computed Tomography (CT) scanners. It implements algorithms combining tools of image analysis and discrete geometry, like connected component extraction, contour extraction or dominant point detection. TKDetection is the first free and open source software for the automatic knot segmentation. It is available on Github platform

From Boltzmann equation for granular gases to a modified Navier-Stokes-Fourier system

In this paper, we give an overview of the results established in [3] which provides the first rigorous derivation of hydrodynamic equations from the Boltzmann equation for inelastic hard spheres in 3D. In particular, we obtain a new system of hydrodynamic equations describing granular flows and prove existence of classical solutions to the aforementioned system. One of the main issue is to identify the correct relation between the restitution coefficient (which quantifies the rate of energy loss at the microscopic level) and the Knudsen number which allows us to obtain non trivial hydrodynamic behavior. In such a regime, we construct strong solutions to the inelastic Boltzmann equation, near thermal equilibrium whose role is played by the so-called homogeneous cooling state. We prove then the uniform exponential stability with respect to the Knudsen number of such solutions, using a spectral analysis of the linearized problem combined with technical a priori nonlinear estimates. Finally, we prove that such solutions converge, in a specific weak sense, towards some hydrodynamic limit that depends on time and space variables only through macroscopic quantities that satisfy a suitable modification of the incompressible Navier-Stokes-Fourier system.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2008.0517

Guanylic nucleotide starvation affects Saccharomyces cerevisiae mother-daughter separation and may be a signal for entry into quiescence

BACKGROUND: Guanylic nucleotides are both macromolecules constituents and crucial regulators for a variety of cellular processes. Therefore, their intracellular concentration must be strictly controlled. Consistently both yeast and mammalian cells tightly correlate the transcription of genes encoding enzymes critical for guanylic nucleotides biosynthesis with the proliferation state of the cell population. RESULTS: To gain insight into the molecular relationships connecting intracellular guanylic nucleotide levels and cellular proliferation, we have studied the consequences of guanylic nucleotide limitation on Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle progression. We first utilized mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressive drug that specifically inhibits inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, the enzyme catalyzing the first committed step in de novo GMP biosynthesis. To approach this system physiologically, we next developed yeast mutants for which the intracellular guanylic nucleotide pools can be modulated through changes of growth conditions. In both the pharmacological and genetic approaches, we found that guanylic nucleotide limitation generated a mother-daughter separation defect, characterized by cells with two unseparated daughters. We then showed that this separation defect resulted from cell wall perturbations but not from impaired cytokinesis. Importantly, cells with similar separation defects were found in a wild type untreated yeast population entering quiescence upon nutrient limitation. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that guanylic nucleotide limitation slows budding yeast cell cycle progression, with a severe pause in telophase. At the cellular level, guanylic nucleotide limitation causes the emergence of cells with two unseparated daughters. By fluorescence and electron microscopy, we demonstrate that this phenotype arises from defects in cell wall partition between mother and daughter cells. Because cells with two unseparated daughters are also observed in a wild type population entering quiescence, our results reinforce the hypothesis that guanylic nucleotide intracellular pools contribute to a signal regulating both cell proliferation and entry into quiescence