The relation between motor function and leptin SDS in terms of SMA type, showing that the lower the overall motor function, the higher was the risk for elevated leptin levels.

<p>Vertical lines in bold at -2 SD and +2 SD indicate the reference range for leptin SDS. <b>As a consequence, lower motor function is linked to high leptin-SDS independent of SMA type</b>.</p

Distribution of auxological data in SMA patients (BMI = body mass index, WC = waist circumference, HC = hip circumference, WHR waist-to-hip ratio, SDS = standard deviation score).

<p>Vertical lines in bold (- 2 SD, + 2 SD) indicate the reference range. Boxes indicate the interquartile range (IQR), whiskers indicate 1.5xIQR, black dots are outliers. Asterisks indicate a significant deviation of the median from zero (p <0.01) with a shift towards higher values for WHR and leptin, as well as a shift to lower values for weight, height, BMI und HC.</p

Association between leptin SDS and motor function.

<p>Association between leptin SDS and motor function.</p

mRNA expression of placental CYP24A1, CYP27B1 and VDR (mean ± SD and (range) do not differ between patients with preeclampsia and healthy controls.

<p>mRNA expression of placental CYP24A1, CYP27B1 and VDR (mean ± SD and (range) do not differ between patients with preeclampsia and healthy controls.</p

Correlation of placental mRNA expression of CYP24A1 (x-axis) and a) CYP27B1 or b) maternal 25-OH vitamin D (ng/ml) in healthy controls (black circles) and patients with preeclampsia (transparent circles).

<p>a) Placental gene expression of CYP24A1 correlates negatively with CYP27B1 expression in healthy controls (r = −0.81, <i>P</i><0.0001, solid line) but not in the patients with preeclampsia (dotted line). b) CYP24A1 correlates negatively with maternal 25-OH vitamin D levels (r = −0.76, <i>P</i> = 0.01) in patients with preeclampsia (dotted line).</p

Association between leptin SDS and SMA type.

<p>Association between leptin SDS and SMA type.</p

Clinical characteristics, parameters of disease activity and bone health.

<p>Mean ± SD, (range) are displayed. Followed by the number of patients examined if different from total number. (Pubic hair stage SDS (PH SDS), testicular volume/breast development stage SDS (TV/breast stage SDS), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), bilirubin (bili), reticulocytes (retic), 25-OH vitamin D (25-OH Vit D), 1,25-(OH)₂ vitamin D (1,25-OH Vit D), serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP), bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP), parathyroid hormone (PTH), urinary N-terminal telopeptide (NTX), urinary deoxypyridinoline (DPD), urinary calcium:creatinine ratio (Ca:Crea), osteocalcin, insulin-like growth factor 1 SDS (IGF-1 SDS), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) Z-Score) were assessed. P-values refer to Kruskal Vallis test (HBSS vs Spherocytosis vs Healthy controls) if values are available for all 3 groups, or to Wilcoxon-two-sample test if values are available for HBSS and Spherocytosis only (in cursive).</p><p>Clinical characteristics, parameters of disease activity and bone health.</p

Patient characteristics (mean + SD and (range)) for age, pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal calcium, 25- OH vitamin D, 1,25-(OH)₂ vitamin D levels in serum, systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure on admission to the hospital, as well as child length, weight, and BMI standard deviation scores (SDS) at birth.

<p>In patients with preeclampsia, maternal 25-OH vitamin D levels are significantly lower than in healthy controls. * differs from healthy controls (*<i>P</i><0.05, ** <i>P</i><0.01) ^#blood pressure obtained on admission to hospital was below the criterion for preeclampsia in one patient, despite preeclampsia with proteinuria and elevated blood pressure readings before and after admission.</p

Boxplots showing the smallest observation (lower bar), lower and upper quartile (box), median (line in the box) and largest observation (upper bar) of a) maternal 25-OH vitamin D serum levels (ng/mL) in winter (grey box) and summer (open box).

<p>Maternal 25-OH vitamin D levels differ between patients with preeclampsia and healthy controls in the summer (** p<0.01). b) Maternal 1,25-(OH)₂ vitamin D (pmol/mL) serum levels are similar in both groups, but significantly lower during winter months in patients with preeclampsia (** p<0.01).</p

Serum levels of 25-OH vitamin D levels positively correlate with calcium to creatinine ratio in urine (<i>P</i> = 0.03, r = 0.36) in patients with hemolytic anemia.

<p>The predicted values based on bivariate regression are indicated as solid line.</p