Physiological parameters in dams fed LFD or WSD at two weeks post-delivery.

*<p><i>p</i>-value≤0.05; ** <i>p</i>-value≤0.01</p

Heat map of Wnt/beta-catenin pathway.

<p>The Wnt/beta-catenin gene set was hierarchically clustered based on Pearson correlation. Gene expression values are displayed on colour scale: blue indicates lower values than average of maternal LFD-group of respective sex; orange indicates higher values than average of maternal LFD-group of respective sex. (m) = gene was significantly changed in male offspring upon maternal WSD. (f) = gene was significantly changed in female offspring upon maternal WSD. <i>p</i>-values≤0.01 were considered significant.</p

Study design.

<p>C57BL/6 dams received either a low fat control diet (LFD) or a Western-style high fat diet (WSD) throughout the study. The treatment started six weeks before mating and continued during gestation and lactation. Dams and offspring were sacrificed at postnatal week two. Male and female offspring were included into further analysis: male offspring from maternal LFD (n = 6), male offspring from maternal WSD (n = 6), female offspring from maternal LFD (n = 9), female offspring from maternal WSD (n = 6).</p

Lipid metabolism in offspring of maternal WSD represented by sub-functions and heat maps.

<p>(A) and (B) display sub-functions of lipid-metabolism that were according to IPA significantly regulated (<i>p</i>≤0.05) upon maternal WSD in males or females respectively and contained≥7 regulated molecules. Hatched bars = sub-functions that are regulated in both sexes. Filled bars = sub-functions that are specific for the sex. Syn = Synthesis; Conc = Concentration; Metab = Metabolism; Transp = Transport; Accu = Accumulation; Terp = Terpenoid; Cho = Cholesterol; DAG = Diacylglycerol; FA = Fatty Acid. (C) and (D) show hierarchical clustered heat maps of the fatty acid metabolism gene set and the cholesterol metabolism gene set, respectively. Hierarchical clustering of gene sets was based on Pearson correlation. Gene expression values are displayed on colour scale: blue indicates lower values than average of maternal LFD-group of respective sex; orange indicates higher values than average of maternal LFD-group of respective sex. (m) = gene was significantly changed in male offspring upon maternal WSD. (f) = gene was significantly changed in female offspring upon maternal WSD. <i>p</i>-values≤0.01 were considered significant.</p

Maternal diet-induced profiles of liver gene expression and biological functions.

<p>(A) PCA was performed with the top 1,000 most variable genes (based on IQR) of the microarray analysis. (B) The gene expression response (displayed as 2log-ratio of maternal WSD-maternal LFD) of male and female offspring is plotted against each other. (C) By maternal WSD significantly up- or down-regulated genes (<i>p</i>≤0.01) are shown for male and female offspring. (D) Significantly up- or down-regulated genes (<i>p</i>≤0.01) in both sexes were compared and are shown as Venn diagrams. (E) and (F) Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) was carried out on genes that were significantly differentially expressed upon maternal WSD. The top 25 regulated biological functions in males and females respectively, are displayed. Hatched bars = biological functions that occur in the top 25 of both sexes. Filled bars = biological functions that are specific for one sex. Sys = System.</p