Let’s Make It a True Daily Double (Jeopardy): How James Harrison Was Acquitted of the Death Penalty Only to Face It Again

On May 10, 2011, in Harrison v. Gillespie, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held that defendants do not have a per se constitutional right to poll the jury before a trial judge declares a mistrial. Further, the court held that the Double Jeopardy Clause does not preclude a court from considering the death penalty as a potential sentence on retrial. This Comment argues, however, that in doing so, the court made it more likely that capital defendants will receive the death penalty, because a fresh jury may impose the death penalty, even though the previously discharged jury merely deadlocked over which lesser included punishment to impose

A new method of firmness measurement of grape berries and other juicy f.ruits

A new method of firmness measurement of grape berries and other juicy fruits is described. The fruit is deformed between two parallel planes by a measured force. The measure for the firmness is the force which generates a given applanation area. Apparatus for measurement of the force and the area is described and measurements on grape berries are given. The measurements are fast, simple and accurate and the apparatus is inexpensive. The test is non-destructive and may be repeated several times on the same fruit.Eine neue Methode zur Festigkeitsmessung von Traubenbeeren und anderen saftreichen FrüchtenEine neue MeBtechnik zur Festigkeitsprüfung von Weinbeeren und anderen saftreichen Früchten wird beschrieben. Die Frucht wird zwischen zwei parallelen Flächen durch eine gemessene Kraft deformiert. Das MaB für die Festigkeit ist die Kraft, durch welche eine bestimmte Abplattungsfläche erzeugt wird. Die Apparatur zur Messung der Kraft und Fläche wird beschrieben, und MeBergebnisse an Weinbeeren werden mitgeteilt. Die Messungen sind schnell, einfach und genau, und die Apparatur ist nicht kostspielig. Die Prüfung zerstört die Beere nicht und kann an derselben Frucht mehrmals wiederholt werden

Relative Quenching Cross Sections in the Reaction of Hg(63P1) Atoms with Isotopic N2O Molecules

The N14/N15 and O16/O18 isotope effects in the Hg(63P1)‐photosensitized decomposition of nitrous oxide have been measured. Observed isotopic fractionation factors, S0 (interpreted in terms of ratios of rate constants for quenching by N14N14O16 vs N15N14O16, N14N15O16, and N14N14O18), are related to the ratio of isotopic quenching cross sections by the equation Q/Q*=S0(μ/μ*)☒, where μ and μ* are the collisional reduced masses for Hg and the light and heavy isotopic molecules, respectively. The quenching cross section ratio for N142O16/N142O18 was unity within the experimental uncertainty (±0.1%). The ratios for N14N14O16/N15N14O16 and N14N14O16/N14N15O16 differed from unity by +0.98 and +0.44%, respectively. The order of the quenching cross sections for the isotopic nitrous oxide molecules is thus: N15N14O16<N14N15O16<14N14O18≅N14N14O16. The implications of the present observations are briefly discussed.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/69865/2/JCPSA6-33-2-526-1.pd

Rejecting another pains the self: The impact of perceived future rejection

The current investigation examined whether people would experience a higher level of pain after rejecting another person, especially for those high in evaluative concern, through increased perceptions of future rejection. Three experiments provide converging support to these predictions. After reliving a past rejecting experience (Experiments 1 and 2) and concurrently rejecting another person (Experiment 3), the source of rejection experienced a higher level of pain than participants in the control conditions. We also found that evaluative concern, either primed (Experiment 2) or measured (Experiment 3) moderated the above effect, such that this effect was only observed among participants high in evaluative concern, but not among those low in evaluative concern. Moreover, perceived future rejection mediated the moderating effect of evaluative concern and rejecting another person on the levels of pain that people experience (Experiment 3). These findings contribute to the literature by showing a mechanism explaining why rejecting another person pains the self and who are more susceptible to this influence.postprin

Necrosis in grapevine buds (Vitis vinifera cv. Queen of Vineyard) I. Relation to vegetative vigor1)

A study on the occurrence, development and nature of necrotic buds on shoots of the Queen of Vineyard grape cultivar was carried out in the continental Jordan Valley in Israel. A vigorous vineyard having an abundance of necrotic buds and a moderately growing one with few necrotic buds were chosen.Necrosis of the central bud in the Queen of Vineyard winter buds occurred only in the vigorous vineyard. The number of necrotic dry buds was particularly high at nodes 2-3 on the shoot and decreased progressively up to the 7th node above which necrotic buds were not observed. Drying of the central bud occurred over a short period, 15-20 d after bloom. It started with the appearance of a necrotic layer at one of the basal nodes of the central bud which caused a rapid degeneration of the tissues above this layer. A negative correlation was found between the fruiting potential of winter buds and the development of a necrotic layer. The possible relation between vigor, gibberellins and bud necrosis is discussed.Knospennekrosen bei der Rebsorte Queen of Vineyard (Vitis vinifera)I. Beziehung zur vegetativen WüchsigkeitIm binnenländischen Jordantal in Israel wurde eine Untersuchung über Auftreten, Entwicklung und Art von Knospennekrosen an den Trieben der Rebsorte Queen of Vineyard durchgeführt. Hierzu wurden ein wüchsiger Weinberg, in dem nekrotische Knospen gehäuft vorkamen, und ein Weinberg von mittlerer Wüchsigkeit mit wenigen nekrotischen Knospen ausgewählt. In den Winterknospen von Queen of Vineyard trat eine Nekrose der Mittelknospe nur in der wüchsigen Rebanlage auf. Die Anzahl vertrockneter nekrotischer Knospen war besonders hoch an den Knoten 2-3 der Triebe; sie ging stetig zurück bis zum 7. Knoten; darüber wurden keine nekrotischen Knospen mehr beobachtet. Die Austrocknung der Mittelknospe erfolgte nur während einer kurzen Phase, 15-20 d nach der Blüte. Sie begann mit dem Auftreten einer nekrotischen Schicht an einem der basalen Knoten der Mittelknospe, wodurch die darüberliegenden Gewebe rasch degenerierten. Zwischen der potentiellen Fruchtbarkeit der Winterknospen und der Entwicklung einer nekrotischen Schicht wurde eine negative Korrelation gefunden. Die mögliche Beziehung zwischen Wüchsigkeit, Gibberellingehalt und Nekrosenhäufigkeit wird diskutiert

Necrosis in grapevine buds (Vitis vinifera cv. Queen of Vineyard) II. Effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) application

The effect of gibberellic acid application on the development of necrosis in cv. Queen of Vineyard grapevine buds was studied. GA3 caused the development of a necrotic layer at the base of the central bud and promoted the development of the  axillary buds. GA3 application to leaves caused necrosis in the buds more readily than direct application to the buds. GA3 fed to the petiole was 100 times more active in inducing necrosis than leaf application. Only developing and relatively young buds were sensitive to GA3. A minimum of 6 X 10-6 mg GA3 in the bud was needed to cause bud necrosis. During the period from 1 week before to 3 weeks after bloom, the movement of GA3 in the grape shoot was acropetal. The possible involvement of gibberellins in the natural necrosis of buds on vigorous grapevines is discussed.Knospennekrosen bei der Rebsorte Queen of Vineyard (Vitis vinifera)II. Einfluß der Gibberellinsäure- (GA3)BehandlungBei der Sorte Queen of Vineyard wurde der Einfluß der GA3-Behandlung auf die Entwicklung von Knospennekrosen untersucht. GA3 bewirkte die Ausbildung einer nekrotischen Gewebeschicht an der Basis der Mittelknospe und förderte die Entwicklung der Axillarknospen. Durch GA3-Behandlung der Blätter ließen sich leichter Knospennekrosen auslösen als durch direkte Behandlung der Knospen. Wurde GA3 über den Blattstiel zugeführt, so war seine Nekrosen induzierende Wirkung 100mal stärker als bei Behandlung der Blattspreite. Nur sich entwickelnde und relativ junge Knospen waren gegen GA3 sensibel. Um eine Knospennekrose auszulösen, mußten in den Knospen mindestens 6 X 10-6 mg GA3 vorliegen. Zwischen 1 Woche vor und 3 Wochen nach der Blüte erfolgte die Bewegung des GA3in den Rebentrieben akropetal. Die mögliche Beteiligung von Gibberellinen am natürlichen Auftreten von Knospennekrosen bei wüchsigen Reben wird diskutiert

Unexpected impact of D waves in low-energy neutral pion photoproduction from the proton and the extraction of multipoles

Contributions of $D$ waves to physical observables for neutral pion photoproduction from the proton in the near-threshold region are studied and means to isolate them are proposed. Various approaches to describe the multipoles are employed --a phenomenological one, a unitary one, and heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory. The results of these approaches are compared and found to yield essentially the same answers. $D$ waves are seen to enter together with $S$ waves in a way that any means which attempt to obtain the $E_{0+}$ multipole accurately must rely on knowledge of $D$ waves and that consequently the latter cannot be dismissed in analyses of low-energy pion photoproduction. It is shown that $D$ waves have a significant impact on double-polarization observables that can be measured. This importance of $D$ waves is due to the soft nature of the $S$ wave and is a direct consequence of chiral symmetry and the Nambu--Goldstone nature of the pion. $F$-wave contributions are shown to be negligible in the near-threshold region.Comment: 38 pages, 13 figures, 19 tables. Version to be published in Physical Review

A sharp stability criterion for the Vlasov-Maxwell system

We consider the linear stability problem for a 3D cylindrically symmetric equilibrium of the relativistic Vlasov-Maxwell system that describes a collisionless plasma. For an equilibrium whose distribution function decreases monotonically with the particle energy, we obtained a linear stability criterion in our previous paper. Here we prove that this criterion is sharp; that is, there would otherwise be an exponentially growing solution to the linearized system. Therefore for the class of symmetric Vlasov-Maxwell equilibria, we establish an energy principle for linear stability. We also treat the considerably simpler periodic 1.5D case. The new formulation introduced here is applicable as well to the nonrelativistic case, to other symmetries, and to general equilibria