The Role of Iron for Supporting Children’s Growth and Development

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Iron Deficiency (ID) affects around 2 billion people worldwide. Early childhood ID has been associated with permanent cognitive deficits associated with CNS structural, metabolic impairment, growth retardation, impaired immune response, psychological abnormalities, and behavioral delays. This literature review will focus on the important role of iron in child growth and development. Iron is necessary for various cellular processes in the growing brain especially when it comes to memory and learning. Children with early ID show cognitive deficits that persist; however, prompt iron treatment soothes the problem. A chronic ID group reported substantially lower scores of vocabularies, ambient sound perception, and motor measurements in a recent study relative to infants with normal nutritional iron status at 6 months and 14-18 months. Children's iron requirement differentiates based on individual age. The daily iron requirement for one- to three-year-old children is 7 mg. Some risk factors of infants and toddlers in developing ID are insufficient food intake, poor bioavailability, reduced absorption, increase demand, increase losses, cow’s milk enteropathy hookworm infection, and maternal gestation. Iron plays an important role in promoting children's growth and development. Physical health and nutrition are important in the first two years of life. Children who are unable to achieve iron adequacy will possibly show permanent cognitive deficit and impaired motor growth. Thus, iron supplementation may only be successful in early prescription after diagnosing iron deficiency

Excessive body weight and its relationship to body image in teenagers aged 16–18 years old in South Jakarta

Objective. Overweight is one of the health problems that often occur in children and adolescents throughout the world, both in developed and developing countries. Study results in USA showed yearly increase of overweight prevalence in children aged 2–19 years old. In addition, based on the results by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009–2010 in United States, the highest percentage of overweight and obesity by age group was found at 12–19 years old (33.6%). Basic Health Research/Riskesdas’s data in 2013 showed the prevalence of overweight in adolescents aged 16–18 years old in Indonesia reached the highest value of 11.5%. Moreover, most teenagers see their body images as a match between self’s and others’ ideal perception. Teenagers with positive body image tend to be more confident and also easier to get along with other people, especially their peers. In this study, researcher aimed to investigate the relationship between teenagers who have excess body weight with body image, whether it had positive or negative impact.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Data collection was done from December 2017 to January 2018. Data collected were anthropometric measurements (weight and height) and the King College London Body Image Questionnaire's filled by participants. From 400 subjects who filled the questionnaires, a total of 350 participants matched the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Chi square test was done as data analysis.Results: Chi-square analysis for excess body weight status in relation to body image scores showed no relationship (p=1,000).Conclusions: There was no significant relationship between excessive body weight and body image.

Overweight and obesity in 16–18 years old teenagers in South Jakarta and the relationship with academic performance

Objective: In different parts of the world, Indonesia included, overweight and obese people are seen to have worse performance compared to their healthy counterparts. Although there were research that had been done to observe the relationship between overweight, obesity, and academic performance, the results obtained were still divided into significantly and non-significantly related.Methods: A cross-sectional study was done to 373 students from two different schools in South Jakarta on December 2017–January 2018. Data was obtained by measuring height and weight of the participant to get his/her nutritional status and the average of participant’s odd semester Continual Assessment and Semestral Assessment of Academic Year 2017/2018 to see if the result was higher or equal to the passing grade.Results: Data analysis with chi square test shows that there was no significant relationship between overweight, obesity, and academic performance (p = 0.452 for Indonesian Language and p = 0.476 for Mathematics) although overweight and obese students tend to have better performance in some exam.Conclusion: The events that lead to overweight, obesity, and one’s academic performance are all multifactorial that the relationship between the two is difficult to be determined

Correlation of overweight nutritional status and sleep quality in 16–18 years old teenagers in South Jakarta

Background and Objectives: Overweight nutritional status in adolescents becomes a health problem that continues to require attention. Not only because of its rapidly increasing prevalence, but also its various adverse effects on adolescent health, especially on the quality of sleep. Sleep quality decrease in adolescents can impact their daily performance, especially in learning. This study aimed to investigate the relationship of overweight nutritional status with sleep quality in adolescents aged 16–18 years old in South Jakarta.Method: This cross-sectional design study was done in two public senior high schools in the South Jakarta. A total of 186 students from classes of 2015, 2016, and 2017 with age between 16-18 years old underwent weight and height measurements, determination of BMI and nutritional status using the CDC BMI-for-age chart, as well as filling the Cleveland Adolescent Sleepiness Questionnaire to assess the quality of sleep.Results: The prevalence of overweight was found by 20.43% (14.52% categorized as overweight, 5.91% categorized as obese) with a median value of the questionnaire 40.00 (23.00 to 58.00). Mann-Whitney test found that the p value for the mean difference of the questionnaire's total score to excess weight is 0.783.Conclusion: There was no correlation between the quality of sleep to excess weight in adolescents aged 16–18 years old in South Jakarta

Iron Intake and Its Correlation to Ferritin and Hemoglobin Level among Children Aged 24–36 Months in Jakarta in 2020

Introduction: Iron is essential for child’s development and growth. Children’s iron requirements are secured from daily food intake that might be affected by Covid-19 pandemic. This study aims to determine iron intake and its relationship with ferritin and hemoglobin levels as indicators of iron status among children in Jakarta.Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Kampung Melayu, Jakarta from September to October 2020. Seventy seven healthy children aged 24–36 months were taken using total population sampling method. Interviews were conducted to obtain characteristics data and iron intake using a semi-quantitative-food frequency questionnaire (SQ-FFQ). Blood tests are performed to check the levels of ferritin (controlled by hs-CRP value), and hemoglobin.Pearson’s/Spearman’s correlation test was performed using SPSS version 20.0. Result: Median of iron intake was 9.6 (1.5–40,7) mg/day, in which 33.8% of subjects was below the Indonesian Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) recommendation. The median ferritin value was 18.1 (1.4–91.1) g/L and the hemoglobin was 11.8 (6.6–15.2) g/dL, in which 40.3% and 27.3% subjects with iron insufficient-deficient and anemia, respectively. There were  positive correlations between iron intake and ferritin (r = 0.328, p = 0.002) and iron intake and hemoglobin (r = 0.308, p = 0.003). A strong positive correlation was found between ferritin and hemoglobin (r = 0.769, p < 0.001).Conclusion: Iron intake of children aged 24–36 months had a weak positive correlation with ferritin and hemoglobin level. Keywords: children 24–36 months, ferritin, hemoglobin, iron intake, Jakart

Social-emotional development in early life: what happens and how to optimize it

The Physical, metabolic, emotional, cognitive, and social development all begin to develop during early years of childhood.. Social and emotional competencies are increasingly recognized as critical for children's success, in school and in later phases of life into adulthood. According to new research, changes in the gastrointestinal tract's development during the early postnatal period can affect brain development and vice versa., collectively called the gut-brain axis. The gut microbiota has an impact on a variety of mental processes and phenomena, as well as being involved in the pathophysiology of a variety of mental and neurological diseases.. Insights in this area can be targeted through dietary treatments to improve cognitive outcomes in newborns by optimizing the link between the gastrointestinal system and the brain. Further, having a healthy and happy human life could be ensured by acquiring adequate and balance microbiot

Pertumbuhan dan Perkembangan Bayi Prematur Usia Gestasi 28-34 Minggu Pasca Rawat: Studi Kohort di Rumah Sakit Ciptomangunkusumo

Latar belakang. Kemajuan dalam perawatan neonatal intensif telah memberikan kontribusi terhadap peningkatan angka kesintasan bayi prematur. Bayi yang bertahan hidup mempunyai risiko gangguan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan yang berhubungan dengan prematuritas dan morbiditas yang menyertainya. Tujuan. Mengetahui luaran pertumbuhan dan perkembangan bayi prematur usia gestasi 28-34 minggu pasca rawat dari Unit Neonatologi Rumah Sakit Ciptomangunkusumo. Metode. Penelitian kohort prospektif dengan wawancara kepada orang tua subjek penelitian, pencataan melalui rekam medis, dan pemeriksaan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan langsung oleh peneliti pada 90 bayi prematur pasca rawat pada bulan Juli? Desember 2016 dengan cara consecutive sampling. Kriteria inklusi adalah bayi prematur dengan masa gestasi 28-34 minggu, berdomisili di Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, serta Bekasi dan orang tua menyetujui mengikuti penelitian. Kriteria eksklusi adalah bayi memiliki kelainan kongenital atau bawaan seperti sindrom Down, sindrom Rubella dan lainnya, dan memiliki malformasi orofasial. Hasil. Hasil data usia koreksi 0 sampai 3 bulan, didapatkan rerata kenaikan berat bayi prematur 29,01±5,31 g/hari, hasil rerata kenaikan panjang badan 3,7±0,8cm/bulan dan rerata kenaikan lingkar kepala 1,6±0,6cm/bulan. Hasil perkembangan berdasarkan FSDQ CAT-CLAM (full-scale developmental quotient cognitive adaptive test- clinical linguistic and auditory milestone scale) menunjukkan skor yang cukup baik yaitu di atas 100% dengan rerata 148% (111-160% ). Kesimpulan. Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan bayi prematur usia gestasi 28-34 minggu pasca rawat Unit Neonatologi Rumah Sakit Ciptomangunkusomo Jakarta sampai usia 3 bulan koreksi baik dan dalam rentang normal

Evaluating the efficacy of a social media-based intervention (Warna-Warni Waktu) to improve body image among young Indonesian women: Parallel randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND: Body dissatisfaction is a global issue, particularly among adolescent girls and young women. Effective body image interventions exist but face barriers to scaling up, particularly in lower- and middle-income countries, such as Indonesia, where a need exists. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the acceptability and efficacy of Warna-Warni Waktu, a social media-based, fictional 6-episode video series with self-guided web-based activities for improving body image among young Indonesian adolescent girls and young women. We hypothesized that Warna-Warni Waktu would increase trait body satisfaction and mood and decrease internalization of appearance ideals and skin shade dissatisfaction relative to the waitlist control condition. We also anticipated improvements in state body satisfaction and mood immediately following each video. METHODS: We conducted a web-based, 2-arm randomized controlled trial among 2000 adolescent girls and young women, aged 15 to 19 years, recruited via telephone by an Indonesian research agency. Block randomization (1:1 allocation) was performed. Participants and researchers were not concealed from the randomized arm. Participants completed self-report assessments of trait body satisfaction (primary outcome) and the internalization of appearance ideals, mood, and skin shade dissatisfaction at baseline (before randomization), time 2 (1 day after the intervention [T2]), and time 3 (1 month after the intervention [T3]). Participants also completed state body satisfaction and mood measures immediately before and after each video. Data were evaluated using linear mixed models with an intent-to-treat analysis. Intervention adherence was tracked. Acceptability data were collected. RESULTS: There were 1847 participants. Relative to the control condition (n=923), the intervention group (n=924) showed reduced internalization of appearance ideals at T2 (F1,1758=40.56, P<.001, partial η2=0.022) and T3 (F1,1782=54.03, P<.001, partial η2=0.03) and reduced skin shade dissatisfaction at T2 (F1,1744=8.05, P=.005, partial η2=0.005). Trait body satisfaction improvements occurred in the intervention group at T3 (F1, 1781=9.02, P=.005, partial η2=0.005), which was completely mediated by the internalization change scores between baseline and T2 (indirect effect: β=.03, 95% CI 0.017-0.041; direct effect: β=.03, P=.13), consistent with the Tripartite Influence Model of body dissatisfaction. Trait mood showed no significant effects. Dependent sample t tests (2-tailed) found each video improved state body satisfaction and mood. Cumulative analyses found significant and progressive improvements in pre- and poststate body satisfaction and mood. Intervention adherence was good; participants watched an average of 5.2 (SD 1.66) videos. Acceptability scores were high for understandability, enjoyment, age appropriateness, usefulness, and likelihood to recommend. CONCLUSIONS: Warna-Warni Waktu is an effective eHealth intervention to reduce body dissatisfaction among Indonesian adolescent girls and young women. Although the effects were small, Warna-Warni Waktu is a scalable, cost-effective alternative to more intense interventions. Initially, dissemination through paid social media advertising will reach thousands of young Indonesian women. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05383807, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05383807 ; ISRCTN Registry ISRCTN35483207, https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN35483207. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): RR2-10.2196/33596

The efficacy and safety of first-line anti-seizure medications as substitution therapy for children with drug-resistant epilepsy: a randomized controlled trial protocol

Although many anti-seizure medications (ASMs) are available, treatment failure, known as drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), still occurs in around 30% of children with epilepsy. Second-line ASMs are usually used as substitution therapy in DRE to control seizures, although international consensus is not available yet. Previous studies focus on comparing the ASMs, whether as add-on or substitution therapy, mainly conducted in newly diagnosed epilepsy. However, the study that investigated first-line ASMs as substitution therapy compared to second-line ones, particularly among DRE children, is still lacking. A randomized controlled trial (RCT) enrolling 102 participants, aged 1–18, at three referral hospitals in Indonesia will be conducted, dividing them into intervention and control groups. The intervention group will be treated with first-line ASMs as the substitution therapy, while the other in the control group will get second-line ASMs. The primary outcome measure is the proportion difference of responders between groups who get first-line and second-line ASMs in 14 weeks of intervention.Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT05697614

A novel, scalable social media-based intervention Warna-Warni Waktu to reduce body dissatisfaction among young Indonesian women: Protocol for a parallel randomized controlled trial

Background: Despite the prevalence of body dissatisfaction among young Indonesian women and its consequential negative impacts, there are currently no evidence-based, culturally appropriate interventions to tackle this issue. Therefore, there is a need to develop scalable, cost-effective, and accessible interventions to improve body image among this population. Objective: This paper describes the study protocol of a parallel randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of Warna-Warni Waktu, a social media–based intervention that aims to reduce state and trait body dissatisfaction and improve mood among young Indonesian women aged 15-19 years. Methods: The trial will take place online. Approximately 1800 young women from 10 cities in Indonesia, evenly split across the ages of 15-19 years, will be recruited via a local research agency’s established research panel. Participants will be randomly allocated to the intervention condition or a waitlist control condition. The intervention consists of six 5-minute videos, with each video supplemented with up to five brief interactive activities. The videos (and associated activities) will be delivered at a rate of one per day across 6 days. All participants will complete three self-report assessments: at baseline (Day 1), 1 day following the intervention (Day 9), and 1 month following the intervention (Day 36). The primary outcome will be change in trait body dissatisfaction. Secondary outcomes include change in internalization of appearance ideals, trait mood, and skin shade satisfaction. Intervention effectiveness on these outcomes will be analyzed using linear mixed models by a statistician blinded to the randomized condition. Intervention participants will also complete state measures of body satisfaction and mood before and after watching each video to assess the immediate impact of each video. This secondary analysis of state measures will be conducted at the within-group level. Results: Recruitment began in October 2021, with baseline assessments underway shortly thereafter. The results of the study will be submitted for publication in 2022. Conclusions: This is the first study to evaluate an eHealth intervention aimed at reducing body dissatisfaction among young Indonesian women. If effective, the intervention will be disseminated to over half a million young women in Indonesia via Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05023213; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05023213 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID): PRR1-10.2196/33596