Demographic and health characteristics.

<p>Demographic and health characteristics.</p

ROC curves for the cognitive screening tests Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Mini-Mental State Examination.

<p>The receiver operating characteristics curves for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) illustrate the discriminative capacity of each of the screening tests, displaying their individual sensitivity, specificity and area under the curve (AUC). The MoCA shows good levels of sensitivity and specificity, as well as an overall greater AUC than the MMSE, while the MMSE presents a high specificity and relatively low sensitivity. Notes. MoCA = Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination; AUC = Area under the curve.</p

Demographic and clinical characteristics of the hemodialysis patients and healthy control groups.

<p>All data shown as mean (SD), except where noted. Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) corrected for dialysis patients and corrected for age in the control group. CV = Cerebrovascular; py = pack years; CKD = Chronic kidney disease. Other causes include progression of CKD due to post-operative infections, reflux diseases, analgesic medication.</p><p>Demographic and clinical characteristics of the hemodialysis patients and healthy control groups.</p

Quantitative brain water content maps.

<p>Axial slices of water content maps obtained from a representative HD patient (a) and from an age-matched healthy control (b). Differences between HD patients and healthy controls groups were assessed using non-parametric Wilcoxon rank-sum test and are shown as an overlaid p-value map on a MNI template. Analyses of water content revealed increase of water content in predominantly white matter in HD patients compared to controls. Hereby, enhanced brain hydration was found in particular in the parietal cortex, followed by occipital and fronto-temporal regions (c). The color bar in a) and b) represents the water content in percent ranging from zero to hundred percent, the color bar in c) displays the p-values.</p

Association between brain water content and clinical parameters.

<p>Boxplots illustrating the association between water content in different focal subregions and clinical parameters. Fig 3A suggests that increased water content in several white and gray matter regions is associated with longer dialysis vintage. In Fig 3B the association between smaller intradialytic weight changes and increased water content in white and grey matter structures is shown.</p

Histogram.

<p>Distributions of the brain water content (X-axis) and T1 (Y-axis) from HD patients (red thin histogram lines before dialysis, thin green histograms lines after dialysis) and healthy controls (blue thin histogram lines for first time point, black for second time point) are shown. Left: Individual data and mean value histograms (bold) for T1 (Y-axis, left) reveal no significant differences in HD patients compared to healthy controls. Lower panel: Individual data as well as mean value histograms (bold) for water content (X-axis) reveal increased white matter water content (~2%) as shown by the observed shift, but only mild changes in gray matter in HD patients compared to controls.</p