Le divisioni in seno all’aristocrazia milanese del XII secolo: le cause politiche dell’emarginazione di un ramo dei capitanei de Raude a partire da un documento del 1137

The history of Milan between 1128 and 1145 shows deep changes in the configuration of city’s political space; these changes led to the formation of the consular government. however, this period was an age of deep discord in the city’s society. The political struggle was focused in the contrast between two partes; the struggle between these two local groups overlapped the conflict between Conrad of Swabia and Lothair of Supplinburg for the imperial crown (1125-1135). This conflict had consequences on the family structures of the Milanese élites. Indeed, a document dated to 1137 shows the strong contrasts and divisions that the political struggles had on one of the most important families of the Milanese aristocracy: the capitanei de Raude. Keywords: Milano, Secolo XII ineunte, Lotte politiche, Divisioni famigliari, Aristocrazia Milan, First half of 12th century, Political struggle, Family discords, Aristocracy

The 12th Century Milanese Aristocracy Inner Divisions: the Political Causes of the Marginalisation of a capitanei de Raude Branch, Moving from a 1137 Document

The history of Milan between 1128 and 1145 shows deep changes in the configuration of city’s political space; these changes led to the formation of the consular government. however, this period was an age of deep discord in the city’s society. The political struggle was focused in the contrast between two partes; the struggle between these two local groups overlapped the conflict between Conrad of Swabia and Lothair of Supplinburg for the imperial crown (1125-1135). This conflict had consequences on the family structures of the Milanese élites. Indeed, a document dated to 1137 shows the strong contrasts and divisions that the political struggles had on one of the most important families of the Milanese aristocracy: the capitanei de Raude.La storia di Milano tra il 1128 e il 1145 vide profondi cambiamenti nella configurazione dello spazio politico cittadino; queste trasformazioni condussero alla formazione del regime consolare. Tuttavia, furono anche anni di profonde divisioni nella società cittadina. La lotta politica si incentrò nella contrapposizione tra due partes; lo scontro tra gli schieramenti locali si sovrappose al conflitto intercorso tra Corrado di Svevia e Lotario di Supplimburgo per la corona imperiale (1125- 1135). Questa rivalità ebbe conseguenze, ancora poco studiate, sulle strutture famigliari dell’élite cittadina. Infatti, un documento del 1137 testimonia i forti contrasti e le divisioni che le lotte politiche ebbero su una delle famiglie più importanti dell’aristocrazia milanese: i capitanei de Raude

I rapporti tra i ‘ceti dominanti’ e le città padane (metà XI ‐ metà XII secolo). Sintesi di un percorso e primi appunti per una nuova ricerca

Gli anni a cavallo tra i secoli XI e XII videro la fine della struttura pubblica erede dell’Impero carolingio e l’affermazione di nuovi assetti di potere di stampo territoriale. Nel perenne confronto tra le iniziative delle comunità urbane e delle aristocrazie rurali, si analizzerà il caso lombardo considerato quello dai caratteri più cittadini all’interno del Regnum Italiae. Il focus su quattro casi di studio mostrerà come le relazioni tra le città e i «principi territoriali» fossero più complesse di un semplice dominio urbano. ancora alla metà del XII secolo alcune stirpi funzionariali furono capaci di contendere vasti territori alle compagini cittadine, anche grazie al perenne supporto di Milano che favorì l’azione dei ‘ceti dominanti’ per contrastare le iniziative delle città rivali (Novara, Pavia, cremona e Bergamo).Around the XII century occurred the end of the public structure of the carolingian Empire and the establishment of new structures of power of territorial nature. In the everlasting confrontation between the initiatives of urban communities and rural aristocracies, the Lombard case will be taken into account, since it is the one with more urban characteristics within the Regnum Italiae. the focus on four case studies will show how the relationships between cities and ‘territorial princes’ were more complex than a simple urban domain. Still in the mid-twelfth century, some «public families» were able to compete for vast territories with the city’s structures. this was possible also because of the continuous support of Milan, which favoured the action of the ‘territorial princes’ to contrast the initiatives of rival cities (Novara, Pavia, cremona and Bergamo)

Investigation of Evaporator Performance with and without Liquid Overfeeding

In the present work, the performance of a segmentally baffled shell-and-tube evaporator working with liquid overfeeding is investigated. The refrigerant is R134a that flows inside the tubes, while water flows on the shell side. A single shell pass has been adopted for the water with one tube pass for the evaporating fluid. The test rig used for the experimental measurements consists of a primary refrigerant loop plus the condenser and the evaporator water auxiliary loops. The evaporator can be fed with two-phase mixture from the expansion valve or with saturated liquid coming from the liquid-vapor separator (in this case a variable speed recirculation pump is used). Inlet and outlet temperatures have been measured for both fluids together with the flow rate allowing the determination of the overall heat transfer coefficient. In addition, pressure drop have been measured on the refrigerant side. Tests have been performed both without overfeeding and with overfeeding at different values of recirculation ratio. The recirculation ratio is defined as the ratio between refrigerant flow rate at the evaporator and the vaporized refrigerant flow rate. Furthermore, measurements have been taken at fixed water outlet temperature and varying the heat duty. In order to study the evaporator behavior, a computational procedure has been developed. Finally, the numerical model of the heat exchanger has been validated against experimental data

Innovative Minichannel Condensers and Evaporators for Air Conditioning Equipment

The use of aluminum heat exchangers for refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment is very interesting since it allows to reduce weight and manufacturing costs while maintaining high performance. In this paper a two-phase heat transfer characterization of an innovative aluminum minichannel heat exchanger is presented. The heat exchanger (HX) is composed by rectangular channels with internal perforated turbolators. A special test section has been projected and realized in the Two Phase Heat Transfer Lab of the University of Padova in order to measure the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) on the refrigerant side during flow boiling and condensation. The test section has a single refrigerant channel with a perforated fin to make the minichannels. The test section is provided with 14 water flow modules installed at top and bottom of the refrigerant channel to promote boiling or condensation of the refrigerant. Therefore, the test section is made of seven different zones: each of them is equipped with 8 thermocouples to measure the wall temperature during the refrigerant phase change. The heat flow rate in each zone is calculated by an energy balance on the water side. Pressure transducers and thermocouples on the refrigerant side allow to determine the saturation temperature and thus the heat transfer coefficient of the refrigerant. The operating refrigerant used during tests is R410A. The particular scheme adopted for the test section enables to measure HTC at varying vapor quality and heat flow rate. Vaporization and condensation tests were carried out with different saturation temperatures, specific heat flow rate (from 40 to 150 kW/m2) and refrigerant mass flux (50÷150 kg/(m2 s) ). Data acquired have been compared with vaporization and condensation predictions from various correlations available in literature. This part of the work is very interesting since no data is available in the literature for such a geometry in vaporization nor in condensation. Therefore, the present paper will investigate the potential performance of these innovative minichannel heat exchangers as condensers and evaporators in air-conditioning equipment

Investigation of Evaporator Performance Improvement by Liquid Overfeeding

In the present work, the performance of a segmentally baffled shell-and-tube evaporator working with liquid overfeeding is investigated. The refrigerant is R134a that flows inside the tubes, while water flows on the shell side. A single shell pass has been adopted for the water with one tube pass for the evaporating fluid. The test rig used for the experimental measurements consists of a primary refrigerant loop plus the condenser and the evaporator water auxiliary loops. The evaporator can be fed with two-phase mixture from the expansion valve or with saturated liquid coming from the liquid-vapor separator (in this case a variable speed recirculation pump is used). Inlet and outlet temperatures have been measured for both fluids together with the flow rate allowing the determination of the overall heat transfer coefficient. In addition, pressure drop have been measured on the refrigerant side. Tests have been performed both without overfeeding and with overfeeding at different values of recirculation ratio. The recirculation ratio is defined as the ratio between refrigerant flow rate at the evaporator and the vaporized refrigerant flow rate. Furthermore, measurements have been taken at fixed water outlet temperature and varying the heat duty. In order to study the evaporator behavior, a computational procedure has been developed. Finally, the numerical model of the heat exchanger has been validated against experimental data

Computed Tomography and Spirometry Can Predict Unresectability in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma

Preoperative identification of unresectable pleural mesothelioma could spare unnecessary surgical intervention and accelerate the initiation of medical treatments. The aim of this study is to determine predictors of unresectability, testing our impression that the contraction of the ipsilateral hemithorax is often associated with exploratory thoracotomy. Between 1994 and 2020, 291 patients undergoing intended macroscopic complete resection for mesothelioma after chemotherapy were retrospectively investigated. Eligible patients (n = 58) presented a preoperative 3 mm slice-thickness chest computed tomography without pleural effusion or hydropneumothorax. Lung volumes (segmented using a semi-automated method), modified-Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) measurements, and spirometries were collected after chemotherapy. Multivariable analysis was performed to determine the predictors of unresectability. An unresectable disease was found at the time of operation in 25.9% cases. By multivariable analysis, the total lung capacity (p = 0.03) and the disease burden (p = 0.02) were found to be predictors of unresectability; cut-off values were 120.5 mm, respectively. Lung volumes were not confirmed to be associated with unresectability at multivariable analysis, probably due to the correlation with the disease burden (p < 0.001; r = -0.4). Our study suggests that disease burden and total lung capacity could predict MPM unresectability, helping surgeons in recommending surgery or not in a multimodality settin