PHYTOPATHOGENIC FUNGI CAUSATIVE AGENTS OF OLIVE (Olea europaea L.) DECLINE IN THE AREA OF ISTRIA

Istraživanje pojave sušenja stabala maslina u Istri provedeno je tijekom 2016. i 2017. godine. Zbog određivanja uzročnika koji bi mogli biti odgovorni za navedenu pojavu obavljeni su vizualni pregledi stabala i uzorkovanje biljnoga materijala. Uzorci biljnog materijala prikupljeni su na 23 lokacije unutar četiri maslinarska uzgojna područja: bujsko-umaškom, porečko-vrsarskom, rovinjskom i vodnjansko-pulskom. Navedena uzgojna područja razlikovala su se po mikroklimatskim obilježjima, sortimentu, starosti stabala te svojstvima tla. Identifikacija pojedinih uzročnika bolesti obavljena je u specijaliziranom mikološkom laboratoriju. U simptomatičnim uzorcima ustanovljeno je nekoliko vrsta, rodova i porodica fitopatogenih gljiva. Za identifikaciju vrsta korištene su klasične (uzgoj na hranjivim podlogama i analiza morfologije izolata) i molekularne (PCR i sekvenciranje) metode dijagnostike. Ukupno je sakupljeno 78 izolata. Najčešće izolirana vrsta fitopategene gljive, a koja bi mogla biti uzročnik djelomičnog ili potpunog sušenja, slabijeg rasta i slabijeg vigora maslina, bila je vrsta Verticillium dahliae Kleb. Osim te u simptomatičnim uzorcima ustanovljene su i Diplodia seriata, gljiva iz porodice Botryosphaeriaceae, te Armillaria mellea, uzročnik bijele truleži korijena. Prisutnost vrsta V. dahliae (na 57 % lokacija) i A. mellea (na 17 %) potvrđena je u svim maslinarskim uzgojnim područjima obuhvaćenim ovim istraživanjem, dok je prisutnost vrste D. seriata (na 13 % lokacija) ustanovljena samo u maslinicima u okolici Rovinja i Bala.The appearance of decline of olive trees in Istria during the years 2016 and 2017 was investigated. To determine the possible causative agents that could be related to that phenomenon, visual examinations of trees and collection of samples of plant material were carried out. Samples of plant material were collected on 23 locations, within four olive growing areas: Buje-Umag, Poreč-Vrsar, Rovinj and Vodnjan-Pula. Surveyes olive growing areas differed by microclimatic features, varieties, age of trees and soil properties. Identification of particular causative agents of diseases was performed in a specialized mycological laboratory. Several species, genera and families of phytopathogenic fungi has been identified in symptomatic samples. For the identification of species, classical (cultivation and analysis of isolate morphology) and molecular methods (PCR and sequencing) has been used. A total of 78 isolates were collected. The most common isolated species of phytopathogenic fungi, which could be the causative agent of partial or total decline, weaker growth and lower vigor of olives was the species Verticillium dahliae Kleb. Beside that, in symptomatic samples, Diplodia seriata, fungal species of the family Botryosphaeriaceae and Armillaria mellea, the causative agent of white root rot, were found. The oresence of Verticillium dahliae (on 57% of locations) and Armillaria mellea (on 17%) have been determined in all olive growing areas covered by this work, while the presence of D. seriata (on 13% of locations) have been determined only in olive groves in the area of Rovinj and Bale

Characteristics of Nutritive Value of Virgin Olive Oils from Buža, Istarska bjelica, Leccino and Rosulja Cultivars

Istraživanje prehrambene vrijednosti sortnih djevičanskih maslinovih ulja provedeno je 2010. i 2011. godine na području Istarske županije (Hrvatska), Slovenske Istre (Slovenija) i otoka Krka (Hrvatska). Uzorci ulja dobiveni su laboratorijskim uređajem za preradu maslina a analizirano je ukupno 190 uzorka (25 uzoraka Buže, 98 Istarske bjelice, 48 Leccina i 19 Rosulje). Sve četiri sorte imale su visoki udjel oleinske kiseline, od 65,6% (Rosulja) do 79,8% (Istarska bjelica). Uzorci Buže, Leccina i Rosulje bili su bogati vitaminom E (155 – 490 mg/kg). Ulja Istarske bjelice sadržavala su najmanje vitamina E (89 – 169 mg/kg) ali značajno više hidrofilnih fenola (426 – 882 mg/kg) u odnosu na ostale sorte (155 – 590 mg/kg). Sastav masnih kiselina i podatci o hidrofilnim fenolima uspoređeni su s vrijednostima dobivenim obradom literaturnih podataka za razdoblje 1992. – 2009. na području Istre (56 uzoraka Buže, 49 Istarske bjelice i 40 Leccina). Ulja svih četiriju sorti u potpunosti ispunjavaju kriterije za isticanje prehrambenih i zdravstvenih tvrdnji koje se odnose na oleinsku kiselinu. Ulja Buže, Leccina i Rosulje u potpunosti ispunjavaju kriterije za navođenje tvrdnji vezanih uz vitamin E, a ona Istarske bjelice za isticanje zdravstvene tvrdnje koja se odnosi na hidrofilne fenolne tvari. Navedene karakteristike mogle bi biti iskorištene kao sredstvo tržišnog natjecanja u vidu isticanja tvrdnji na pretpakovinama djevičanskih maslinovih ulja te kao posebna obilježja proizvoda zaštićenog oznakom izvornosti.The study of the nutritive value of monocultivar virgin olive oils from Istrian County (Croatia), Slovenian Istria (Slovenia) and Krk island (Croatia) was performed during the years 2010 and 2011. Oil samples were obtained by laboratory mill. In total, 190 samples were analysed (25 Buža, 98 Istarska bjelica, 48 Leccino and 19 Rosulja samples). The oils from all four cultivars had high ratio of oleic acid, from 65.6% (Rosulja) to 79.8% (Istarska bjelica). Buža, Leccino and Rosulja oil samples had high content of vitamin E (155 – 490 mg/kg). The oils from Istarska bjelica contained the lowest amounts of vitamin E (89 – 169 mg/kg) but significantly higher values of hydrophilic phenols (426 – 882 mg/kg) regarding the other cultivars (155 – 590 mg/kg). Fatty acid composition and content of hydrophilic phenols were compared to the values from literature related to Istria area in period 1992 – 2009 (56 Buža, 49 Istarska bjelica and 40 Leccino samples). The oils from all four cultivars fully comply with criteria for stating nutrition and health claims related to oleic acid, Buža, Leccino and Rosulja oils for claims related to vitamin E, while Istarska bjelica oils for the health claim related to hydrophilic phenols. Mentioned characteristics could be used as a mean of market competition through the claims on virgin olive oil pre-packages and as specific characteristics of product with protected designation of origin