MAGISTÉRIO E CONSCIÊNCIA

Este artigo propõe uma breve reflexão sobre a relação histórica e atual entre o exercício do magistério e o necessário respeito da consciência dos crentes. Uma primeira parte retoma a evolução da consciência a partir dos tempos modernos e de suas consequências : uma nova figura da fé e da vida no seio da comunidade cristã. Uma segunda parte recapitula as diferentes formas de exercício do magistério eclesial no curso da história e as dificuldades postas por seu encontro com a modernidade. O autor apresenta então um sonho, propondo uma nova maneira de proceder: não mais a simples vigilância, mas a animação de um grande debate planetário sobre todas as dificuldades postas ao ato de crer, a fim de revivificar o sensus fidei do povo cristão. A terceira parte retoma o problema da verdade na qual magistério e consciência moderna devem encontrar um consenso autêntico. ABSTRACT: This article proposes a brief reflection on the historical and current relationship between the exercise of the Magisterium and the need to respect the conscience of believers. A first part follows the evolution of conscience from modern times and its consequences: a new figure of faith and of life within the Christian community. A second part recapitulates the different forms of exercise of the ecclesial Magisterium in the course of history and the difficulties posed by its encounter with modernity. The author proposes a dream by proposing a new way to proceed: no longer simply surveillance, but the animation of a large planetary debate about all difficulties made the act of believing, in order to give new life to the sensus fidei of Christian people. The third part takes up the problem of truth in which teaching and modern conscience must find a genuine consensus

HISTÓRIA E TEOLOGIA DA INFALIBILIDADE DA IGREJA

Faz-se o histórico da doutrina da infalibilidade da Igreja e, especialmente, do papa, diante da sensibilidade de hoje e diante da discrição do Vaticano II. Trata-se da verdade e da certeza da verdade na Igreja, que não pode errar. Distingue-se entre a indefectibilidade (da Igreja) e a infalibilidade, que implica a irreformabilidade da proposição. No primeiro milênio tinha-se consciência do dom da inerrância confiado à Igreja. Na Idade Média, acentua-se a plenitude do poder atribuída ao papa. O caso de João XXII e dos franciscanos espirituais, o problema do papa herege, o cisma ocidental e os concílios de Constança e de Basileia, a crise jansenista e o empenho de Fénelon levaram finalmente, no Vaticano I, à definição da infalibilidade papal. Esta, porém, não foi invocada com a frequência que se esperava. O Vaticano II ensina dentro da indefectibilidade da fé, sem definições irreformáveis. ABSTRACT: This article presents the history of the doctrine of the infallibility of the Church, and especially of the Pope, in light of the today’s sensibility and of the discretion of Vatican II. It deals with the truth and certainty of truth in the Church, which cannot err. A distinction is made between the indefectibility (of the Church) and the infallibility, which implies a “non-reformability” of the proposition. In the first Millennium there was an awareness of the gift of inerrancy entrusted to the Church. In the Middle Ages, the fullness of power assigned to the Pope became accentuated. The case of John XXII and of the spiritual Franciscans, the problem of the heretical pope, the Western schism and the Councils of Constance and Basileia, the Jansenist crisis and the work of Fénelon led finally, in Vatican I, to the definition of papal infallibility. This, however, was not invoked as often as expected. Vatican II teaches within the indefectibility of faith, without unalterable definitions

Dieu et le concept de personne

This article presents a cultural and theological investigation of the concept of person. It starts with the etymology of the term, then explores ancient cultures, both pagan and Christian, the Biblical equivalents and the new meanings which the Church Fathers gave them through their reflections on the Trinity and Christ. Modern philosophy has repossessed the concept and has given it the opportunity to make a comeback in theology, especially as far as the Holy Spirit is concerned. The paradox of its long history is that a concept which was elaborated in relationship with the divine persons has showed itself particularly fruitful in the elaboration of the Christian concept of the human person.L'article propose un parcours à la fois culturel et théologique sur le concept de personne. Il part de l'étymologie du terme, explore la culture ancienne - païenne et chrétienne -, les équivalents bibliques et les significations nouvelles que les Pères de l'Église lui ont donnés par leur réflexion sur la Trinité et le Christ. La philosophie des Temps modernes a repris le concept à son compte et lui a donné de faire retour en théologie, en particulier en ce qui concerne la personne de l'Esprit Saint. Le paradoxe de cette longue histoire est qu'un concept élaboré à propos des personnes divines s'est montré particulièrement fécond dans l'élaboration du concept chrétien de la personne humaine.Sesboüé Bernard. Dieu et le concept de personne. In: Revue théologique de Louvain, 33ᵉ année, fasc. 3, 2002. pp. 321-350

Christologie et sotériologie chez Paul Tillich dans le cadre de la théologie contemporaine

The Christology and soteriology of Paul Tillich in contemporary theology After placing Tillich in the movement of contemporary Christology, the article proposes first an outline of his christological thought, giving special attention to the major connections of the system, particularly the correlation between the doctrine of creation and alienation and the doctrine of salvation. To this conception of salvation corresponds that of the identity of Christ (the « christological formula » of Tillich is analysed). The author then addresses a number or critical questions to Tillich's thought, from the catholic point of view. Does the theological transposition of the mystery of Christ given by the theologian in terms of our culture respect the whole substance of Biblical symbols and the Christian paradox ? This total questioning, which echoes a « lectio difficilior » of faith, is formulated from the connection between freedom and necessity, in God, in man and in Christ.Après avoir situé Tillich dans le mouvement de la christologie contemporaine, l'article propose tout d'abord une épure de la pensée christologique du théologien, en s'attachant aux correspondances majeures du système, en particulier à la corrélation entre la doctrine de la création et de l'aliénation et la doctrine du salut. A cette conception du salut correspond celle de l'identité du Christ (la « formule christologique » de Tillich est analysée). L'auteur pose ensuite, d'un point de vue catholique, quelques questions critiques à la pensée de Tillich. La transposition théologique du mystère chrétien donnée par le théologien dans les termes de notre culture respecte-t-elle toute la substance des symboles bibliques et du paradoxe chrétien ? Cette interrogation globale, écho d'une « lectio difficilior » de la foi, est précisée à partir du rapport entre liberté et nécessité en Dieu, en l'homme et dans le Christ.Sesboüé Bernard. Christologie et sotériologie chez Paul Tillich dans le cadre de la théologie contemporaine. In: Revue d'histoire et de philosophie religieuses, 61e année n°3, Juillet-septembre 1981. pp. 223-238

Dieu et le concept de personne

This article presents a cultural and theological investigation of the concept of person. It starts with the etymology of the term, then explores ancient cultures, both pagan and Christian, the Biblical equivalents and the new meanings which the Church Fathers gave them through their reflections on the Trinity and Christ. Modern philosophy has repossessed the concept and has given it the opportunity to make a comeback in theology, especially as far as the Holy Spirit is concerned. The paradox of its long history is that a concept which was elaborated in relationship with the divine persons has showed itself particularly fruitful in the elaboration of the Christian concept of the human person.L'article propose un parcours à la fois culturel et théologique sur le concept de personne. Il part de l'étymologie du terme, explore la culture ancienne - païenne et chrétienne -, les équivalents bibliques et les significations nouvelles que les Pères de l'Église lui ont donnés par leur réflexion sur la Trinité et le Christ. La philosophie des Temps modernes a repris le concept à son compte et lui a donné de faire retour en théologie, en particulier en ce qui concerne la personne de l'Esprit Saint. Le paradoxe de cette longue histoire est qu'un concept élaboré à propos des personnes divines s'est montré particulièrement fécond dans l'élaboration du concept chrétien de la personne humaine.Sesboüé Bernard. Dieu et le concept de personne. In: Revue théologique de Louvain, 33ᵉ année, fasc. 3, 2002. pp. 321-350