Additional file 3: of The effects of HIV self-testing on the uptake of HIV testing and linkage to antiretroviral treatment among adults in Africa: a systematic review protocol

DATA EXTRACTION FORM. (DOCX 115 kb

Scaled estimates of HIV testing preferences by gender, prior HIV testing status and time since the last HIV test.

<p>Gender-specific estimates of the effect of each attribute level on HIV testing preferences, separately for prior testers vs. those who never tested (Panels A and B), and those who tested in the past year vs. those who tested more than 1 year ago (Panels C and D). Models included correlated random main effects and fixed interactions between attribute levels and participants' HIV testing histories. p-values indicate statistically significant differences between the respective groups, as measured by the interaction terms. Coefficients were re-scaled to range from 0 to 10.</p

Attributes, attribute levels, and results of the direct assessment of preferences (N = 486).

1<p>Shortened descriptions were used after the completion of training tasks and the comprehension test (see e.g., <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0092100#pone-0092100-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1</a>).</p>2<p>Most and least preferred levels of each attribute, without requiring any trade-offs.</p

Characteristics of study participants, N = 486.

1<p>Statistical significance was assessed using Student's <i>t</i> tests (continuous variables), Fisher's exact test (self-reported HIV diagnosis), and chi-squared tests (all other variables).</p>2<p>Four individuals with self-reported HIV diagnosis were excluded from analyses of HIV testing preferences.</p

Results of gender-specific mixed logit models of discrete choice experiment data on HIV testing preferences in Moshi, Tanzania, 2012–2013 (N = 474) 1.

1<p>Estimates from gender-specific mixed logit models with correlated random coefficients for all attribute levels. Four respondents who reported to be HIV infected and eight respondents who failed the comprehension test were excluded from analyses of testing preferences.</p>#<p>omitted attribute level; estimates derived using Wald tests.</p><p>*, **, and *** indicate statistical significance at the 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 levels, respectively.</p

Sample choice task.

<p>Choice task shown to participants during the iPad-based presentation of the discrete choice experiment, in English (left) and Kiswahili (right).</p

Heterogeneous HIV Testing Preferences in an Urban Setting in Tanzania: Results from a Discrete Choice Experiment

<div><p>Background</p><p>Efforts to reduce Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) transmission through treatment rely on HIV testing programs that are acceptable to broad populations. Yet, testing preferences among diverse at-risk populations in Sub-Saharan Africa are poorly understood. We fielded a population-based discrete choice experiment (DCE) to evaluate factors that influence HIV-testing preferences in a low-resource setting.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Using formative work, a pilot study, and pretesting, we developed a DCE survey with five attributes: distance to testing, confidentiality, testing days (weekday vs. weekend), method for obtaining the sample for testing (blood from finger or arm, oral swab), and availability of HIV medications at the testing site. Cluster-randomization and Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) sampling methodology were used to enroll 486 community members, ages 18–49, in an urban setting in Northern Tanzania. Interviewer-assisted DCEs, presented to participants on iPads, were administered between September 2012 and February 2013.</p><p>Results</p><p>Nearly three of five males (58%) and 85% of females had previously tested for HIV; 20% of males and 37% of females had tested within the past year. In gender-specific mixed logit analyses, distance to testing was the most important attribute to respondents, followed by confidentiality and the method for obtaining the sample for the HIV test. Both unconditional assessments of preferences for each attribute and mixed logit analyses of DCE choice patterns suggest significant preference heterogeneity among participants. Preferences differed between males and females, between those who had previously tested for HIV and those who had never tested, and between those who tested in the past year and those who tested more than a year ago.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>The findings suggest potentially significant benefits from tailoring HIV testing interventions to match the preferences of specific populations, including males and females and those who have never tested for HIV.</p></div

Participant enrollment.

<p>Flowchart summarizing enrollment of a random community sample for participation in the discrete choice experiment.</p

Additional file 1: of Reasons for poor follow-up of diabetic retinopathy patients after screening in Tanzania: a cross-sectional study

Study Questionnaire. The interview was conducted in Kiswahili by a native speaker. The structured questionnaire used was pilot tested on 10 patients at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC) prior to its use in order to ensure adequate understanding. The answers were recorded in Kiswahili and then translated into English. (DOCX 84 kb