Association of HCMV seropositivity with hypertension in men and women.

<p>Model 1: adjusted for race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Mexican Americans, and others).</p><p>Model 2: further adjusted for BMI, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia.</p><p>Model 3: further adjusted for age.</p

Percentage of HCMV seropositivity in participants with and without hypertension before adjustment.

<p>HT, hypertension.</p

Association of optical density for the HCMV specific IgG assay with blood pressure in men and women.

<p>Model 1: adjusted for race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Mexican Americans, and others).</p><p>Model 2: further adjusted for BMI, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia.</p><p>Model 3: further adjusted for age.</p

Clinical characteristics of all 6303 subjects among subjects with and without serologic evidence of HCMV infection.

<p>Data are expressed as mean or percent (SE). BMI, body mass index. SBP, systolic blood pressure. DBP, diastolic blood pressure.</p>*<p>241 subjects taking anti-hypertensive medication were excluded from the analysis (n = 165 for HMCV infection group and n = 76 for no HCMV infection group).</p

Validation of the diabetes screening tools proposed by the American Diabetes Association in an aging Chinese population

<div><p>Aim</p><p>Diabetes is a serious global health problem. A simple and effective screening tool should have substantial public health benefit. We investigated the performance of the latest American Diabetes Association diabetes screening methods in our aging Chinese population.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Subjects without diabetes who returned for the 4th Hong Kong Cardiovascular Risk Factors Prevalence Study in 2010–2012 were evaluated for the probability of having diabetes with reference to the age- and body mass index-based screening criteria (screening criteria) and the diabetes risk test (risk test), and the conclusion drawn was compared to their measured glycaemic status. Diabetes was defined by fasting glucose ≥ 7 mmol/L or 2-hour post oral glucose tolerance test glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L.</p><p>Results</p><p>1415 subjects, aged 58.1±10.2, were evaluated. 95 (6.7%) had diabetes. The risk test showed good accuracy (area under the receiver operating curve 0.725) in screening for diabetes with an optimal cut-off score of five. Compared to the screening criteria, the risk test had significantly better specificity (0.57 vs. 0.41, p<0.001), positive predictive value (0.12 vs. 0.09, p<0.001) and positive diagnostic likelihood ratio (1.85 vs. 1.37, p<0.001). To diagnose one case of diabetes, fewer subjects (11 vs. 18) needed to be tested for blood glucose if the risk test was adopted.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>The risk test appears to be a more effective screening tool in our population. It is simple to use and can be adopted as a public health strategy for identifying people with undiagnosed diabetes for early intervention.</p></div

The cumulative survival curve for total mortality from the Cox regression model after full adjustment (model 4 of Table 3).

<p>The cumulative survival curve for total mortality from the Cox regression model after full adjustment (model 4 of <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0094479#pone-0094479-t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a>).</p

Clinical Characteristics in United States Older Adults by Mortality Status, 1999–2004.

<p>ACEI  =  angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB  =  angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI  =  body mass index; CCB  =  calcium channel blocker; CI  =  confidence interval; CVD  =  cardiovascular disease; eGFR  =  estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL  =  high-density lipoprotein; SE  =  standard error.</p><p>Data are expressed as mean or percent (standard error), unless otherwise noted.</p>a<p>Includes bile acid sequestrants, cholesterol adsorption inhibitors, and other types of lipid-lowering medications.</p>b<p>Data are expressed as geometric mean (95% CI).</p>c<p>Estimated from the Cox regression model after adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and survey period, where appropriate.</p>d<p>Estimates are unreliable due to coefficient of variation > 0.3.</p

Percentages of Total Death in United States Older Adults, 1999–2004.

<p>SE  =  standard error.</p>a<p>Unweighted numbers.</p

Association of Total Bilirubin Levels With Total Mortality in United States Older Adults, 1999–2004.

<p>HR  =  hazard ratio; CI  =  confidence interval.</p>a<p>Adjusted for survey period, age, sex, and race/ethnicity (n = 4,303).</p>b<p>Further adjusted for body mass index, education, smoking, and regular alcohol consumption (n = 3,928).</p>c<p>Further adjusted for history of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, albuminuria, cancer, fibrates, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, diuretics, and calcium channel blockers (n = 3,764).</p>d<p>Further adjusted for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, serum albumin, blood urea nitrogen, estimated glomerular filtration rate, C-reactive protein, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, γ-glutamyltransferase, uric acid, white blood cell count, and hemoglobin (n = 3,758).</p

Associations of Lower and Higher Total Bilirubin Levels With Total Mortality by Race/ethnicity and Smoking Status in United States Older Adults, 1999–2004.^a

<p>CI  =  confidence interval; HR  =  hazard ratio.</p>a<p>Participants with total bilirubin levels of 0.5–0.7 mg/dl were used as the referent group for comparison. All data were adjusted for survey period, age, sex, race/ethnicity, body mass index, education, smoking, regular alcohol consumption, history of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, albuminuria, cancer, fibrates, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, diuretics, calcium channel blockers, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, serum albumin, blood urea nitrogen, estimated glomerular filtration rate, C-reactive protein, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, γ-glutamyltransferase, uric acid, white blood cell count, and hemoglobin.</p