Embriyonik Kök Hücre Araştırmaları Hakkında Etik Açıdan Ne Söyleyebiliriz?

Stem cell researches are among the primary areas in which the humanity has experienced exciting developments since the end of the 20th century. The discovery of the potential of stem cells in the regeneration of devastated cells has been a source of hope for many incurable diseases. Another type of stem cell is embryonic stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are obtained from the cells in the embryo (which consists of only 50-150 cells a few days after fertilization) that have just begun to develop. These cells can transform into any cell of more than two hundred species found in the human body. Human embryonic stem cells are not debated not only by the biologists by whom they were discovered but also by the medical profession, media, ethicists, teologian, governments and politicians. It is an inevitable fact that there might also be inevitable ethical and legal problems in stem cell practices, which comprise a new and very dynamic area. In this context, embryonic stem cell research from ethical point of view; have a particular importance. In the light of the relevant literature, this article emphasizes basic ethical topics such as the usage opportunities of human embryonic stem cell, regulations developed by various countries regarding the application of these techniques and violation of patient rights, informed consent, accessibility to treatment due to expensiveness, and making it trading

BEYOND A GAME: PEER EDUCATION TO SEPARATE FOOTBALL AND VIOLENCE

Football, one of the sports with roots in history, has been associated with violence and tragedy in various countries. Several studies have tried to understand the nature and structure of hooliganism and its common cross-national characteristics, severity, and causes. Although existing literature suggests a variety of strategies to prevent violence in football, it is widely accepted that there must be grassroots movements and self-awareness, besides these measures,to reduce cases of aggressionin football. This study, whichwas awardedthe Fair Play prize in 2014 by the Turkish Olympic Committee, focuses on training fans using the peer education methodology. The young fans of Beşiktaş Football Club implemented a peer education program and conducted an online survey to assess itseffectiveness and understand the participants’ perceptions and reflections regarding the causes of and methods to preventfootball hooliganism.The results suggest that the training program was effective and that it should be disseminated to reach all other associations to achieve results that are more positive

Can "presumed consent" justify the duty to treat infectious diseases? An analysis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>AIDS, SARS, and the recent epidemics of the avian-flu have all served to remind us the debate over the limits of the moral duty to care. It is important to first consider the question of whether or not the "duty to treat" might be subject to contextual constraints. The purpose of this study was to investigate the opinions and beliefs held by both physicians and dentists regarding the occupational risks of infectious diseases, and to analyze the argument that the notion of "presumed consent" on the part of professionals may be grounds for supporting the duty to treat.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>For this cross-sectional survey, the study population was selected from among physicians and dentists in Ankara. All of the 373 participants were given a self-administered questionnaire.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In total, 79.6% of the participants said that they either had some degree of knowledge about the risks when they chose their profession or that they learned of the risks later during their education and training. Of the participants, 5.2% said that they would not have chosen this profession if they had been informed of the risks. It was found that 57% of the participants believed that there is a standard level of risk, and 52% of the participants stated that certain diseases would exceed the level of acceptable risk unless specific protective measures were implemented.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>If we use the presumed consent argument to establish the duty of the HCW to provide care, we are confronted with problems ranging over the difficulty of choosing a profession autonomously, the constant level of uncertainty present in the medical profession, the near-impossibility of being able to evaluate retrospectively whether every individual was informed, and the seemingly inescapable problem that this practice would legitimize, and perhaps even foster, discrimination against patients with certain diseases. Our findings suggest that another problem can be added to the list: one-fifth of the participants in this study either lacked adequate knowledge of the occupational risks when they chose the medical profession or were not sufficiently informed of these risks during their faculty education and training. Furthermore, in terms of the moral duty to provide care, it seems that most HCWs are more concerned about the availability of protective measures than about whether they had been informed of a particular risk beforehand. For all these reasons, the presumed consent argument is not persuasive enough, and cannot be used to justify the duty to provide care. It is therefore more useful to emphasize justifications other than presumed consent when defining the duty of HCWs to provide care, such as the social contract between society and the medical profession and the fact that HCWs have a greater ability to provide medical aid.</p

Do patients have responsibilities in a free-market system? A personal perspective

Bu çalışma, 7-11 Ağustos 2006 tarihlerinde Toulouse[Fransa]'da düzenlenen 16. World Congress on Medical Law'da bildiri olarak sunulmuştur.The current debate that surrounds the issue of patient rights and the transformation of health care, social insurance, and reimbursement systems has put the topic of patient responsibility on both the public and health care sectors' agenda. This climate of debate and transition provides an ideal time to rethink patient responsibilities, together with their underlying rationale, and to determine if they are properly represented when being called 'patient' responsibilities. In this article we analyze the various types of patient responsibilities, identify the underlying motivations behind their creation, and conclude upon their sensibleness and merit. The range of patient responsibilities that have been proposed and implemented can be reclassified and placed into one of four groups, which are more accurate descriptors of the nature of these responsibilities. We suggest that, within the framework of a free-market system, where health care services are provided based on the ability to pay for them, none of these can properly be justified as a patient responsibility

THE PERCEPTION OF THE CONCEPT OF PATIENT RIGHTS IN TURKEY. EXAMPLES FROM THE PRESS

The question of patient rights, which has appeared as a significant agenda item in the last quarter of the 20th century, has assumed a legal dimension with the "Patient Rights Regulation" published in Turkey in 1998. In this process, it is important how patient rights are perceived among the public and to what extent they are reflected to practice in the delivery of health care services. The role of the media is of utmost importance with respect to the promotion and discussion of patient rights and compliance to them in the society In this article, the aim is to examine how patient rights are perceived and conveyed in the media by way of compiling and examining such news in national newspapers. It is thought that data collected in this way will give an opinion about the level of prevalence of the concept. In the scope of the study, 1941 news reports were compiled from newspapers printed between 1998 and 2007. It has been found that news on the topic has displayed a linear increase in years, and as of 2004 at least one incident related to the topic has been printed each day. Although the number of news reports are higher, the increase in the number of columns dedicated to the issue also draws attention. In one third of these new reports, the photographs of the relevant people are used and all photographs have been given without any restrictions. The way of conveying news about patient rights in the media is a very sensitive issue and it is observed that there are serious problems with regard to respect for the right to privacy and confidentiality. As can be seen from the selected news stories, the infringement of individual rights for the sake of featuring a news report shows that the media can also violate patient rights in addition to its support to the issue. With regard to content, almost half the news reports are about the right to health care and respect for private life and confidentiality, news about informed consent and other rights are very few. This situation leads us to think that there are problems with regard to how patient rights are perceived in the society in addition to the quality and accessibility of health care services

A Novel Ethical Framework to Address Bioethical Issues Related to Artificial Intelligence

The products of artificial intelligence technology may have different properties than conventional technology artefacts depending on their level of development. On the other hand, since the discourse on ethics of technology was developed in the frame of philosophy of technology for conventional technology products, it may fail to answer the ethical issues which are already raised by artificial intelligence entities or moral problems those will emerge in the future. Because of this a novel ethical frame is required to discuss and solve bioethical issues related to artificial intelligence. In this article the first moral issues of artificial intelligence will be identified and then a discussion will be carried out on prospects of novel ethical frames to address them.Yapay zekâ (YZ) teknolojisinin ürünleri gelişmişlik düzeylerine bağlı olarak geleneksel teknoloji ürünlerinin kapasitelerinin ötesinde bazı temel özelliklere sahip olabilmektedir. Teknoloji felsefesinin çerçevesindeki teknoloji etiğinin yaklaşımları geleneksel teknoloji ürünleri için geliştirilmiş olduğundan yapay zekâ teknolojisi ürünlerinin neden olduğu ya da olabileceği biyoetik sorunlara yönelik çözüm üretebilmeleri oldukça güçtür. Bu nedenle yapay zekâ ile ilgili biyoetik sorunların tartışılması ve çözüme ulaştırılması için yeni bir etik çerçeve gereklidir. Bu makalede öncelikle YZ'nın biyoetik bağlamında ortaya çıkardığı ya da gelecekte ortaya çıkarabileceği olası sorun alanları tanımlanacak, daha sonra bu sorunlara yönelik etik çerçeve önerileri tartışılacaktır