La valutazione economica dei Piani Urbani della Mobilità Sostenibile. Il caso di Milano

La tendenza emergente nella pianificazione dei trasporti a livello urbano è quella che adotta l’approccio dei PUMS, cioè i Piani Urbani della Mobilità Sostenibile. Essi superano l’approccio tradizionale di piano, introducendo, oltre ai concetti di sostenibilità, anche quelli di una pianificazione integrata e della valutazione delle politiche di trasporto adottate. Il presente articolo intende fornire un contributo relativamente all’integrazione delle tecniche di valutazione socio-economica, quali l’Analisi Costi Benefici, nei PUMS, cioè in strumenti di programmazione complessi e formati da politiche ed azioni molto eterogenee e di articolata modellizzazione. L’articolo discute inizialmente in termini generali la complessità legata all’integrazione tra piani e valutazione, per poi mostrare i contenuti di un recente esempio, cioè il PUMS della città di Milano. Attraverso esso si discuteranno i modi con cui si è operata l’integrazione del modello di simulazione con lo strumento per l’Analisi Costi Benefici, e verranno presentati alcuni strumenti innovativi di rappresentazione dei risultati, utili alla comunicazione dei contenuti tecnici dell’analisi al più ampio pubblico dei decisori e dei cittadini

Tav e grandi opere: non è solo un problema di costi

Le grandi opere non solo costano tanto, ma sono spesso inutili. Per giustificarle ci si affida a previsioni di aumento del traffico poco realistiche. Sono necessarie analisi costi-benefici terze, indipendenti e interamente riproducibili

Per un pugno di opere

La svolta decisa dal governo per le infrastrutture medie e piccole dovrebbe essere adottata anche per quelle grandi, abbandonando così l’idea che le opere “strategiche” generino una forte domanda. Altrimenti, dovremo rassegnarci ai cantieri “stop and go”. E al moltiplicarsi dei costi

Long-distance rail in Europe: Comparing the forms of head-on competition across Europe

Europe is finally entering a season of liberalisation in the long-distance rail passenger market, which takes the form of on-track competition among public and private operators. The paper provides a broad-scope comparison of relevant European markets, belonging to liberalised and non-liberalised countries, aiming to point out the patterns in terms of supply, competition model and prices. The paper is based on a sample of heterogeneous 69 city-pairs, analysed in two fourteen days periods in 2019 (May/June and November). All available modes are observed, collecting info on companies, frequency of services, and cheapest price. The analysis starts from a schematisation of different business models, based on literature. Then, using the database, we study the country's supply structure, size, and level of intermodal and intra-modal competition through HHIs. Prices are analysed in two steps: the average prices and the price dispersion, searching for their main determinants, including but not limited to competition. Results show that a higher competition level is not always corresponding to low prices, which are instead determined by many other factors such as size of market, demand, socio-economic characteristics, subsidies, production costs, speed advantage, strength of the incumbent, etc. The competition level, instead, directly influences the quality, the supplied capacity, and the price dispersion

Epidemiology of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Georgia

This study investigated the transmission and prevalence of Leishmania parasite infection of humans in two foci of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) in Georgia, the well known focus in Tbilisi in the East, and in Kutaisi, a new focus in the West of the country. The seroprevalence of canine leishmaniasis was investigated in order to understand the zoonotic transmission. Blood samples of 1575 dogs (stray and pet) and 77 wild canids were tested for VL by Kalazar Detect rK39 rapid diagnostic tests. Three districts were investigated in Tbilisi and one in Kutaisi. The highest proportions of seropositive pet dogs were present in District #2 (28.1%, 82/292) and District #1 (26.9%, 24/89) in Tbilisi, compared to 17.3% (26/150) of pet dogs in Kutaisi. The percentage of seropositive stray dogs was also twice as high in Tbilisi (16.1%, n = 670) than in Kutaisi (8%, n = 50); only 2/58 wild animals screened were seropositive (2. 6%). A total of 873 Phlebotomine sand flies were collected, with 5 different species identified in Tbilisi and 3 species in Kutaisi; 2.3% of the females were positive for Leishmania parasites. The Leishmanin Skin Test (LST) was performed on 981 human subjects in VL foci in urban areas in Tbilisi and Kutaisi. A particularly high prevalence of LST positives was observed in Tbilisi District #1 (22.2%, 37.5% and 19.5% for ages 5–9, 15–24 and 25–59, respectively); lower prevalence was observed in Kutaisi (0%, 3.2% and 5.2%, respectively; P<0.05). This study shows that Tbilisi is an active focus for leishmaniasis and that the infection prevalence is very high in dogs and in humans. Although exposure is as yet not as high in Kutaisi, this is a new VL focus. The overall situation in the country is alarming and new control measures are urgently needed

Transport Modelling During Preparation of General Plans in Big Cities: Reasons and Challenges

Rapidly growing mobility of people in European cities attaches greater importance to the sustainable developmentconcept. The dynamics of European cities are however different. Cites such as Lithuanian, Slovakian and Polishones will rapidly increase traffic flows and car ownership at fast pace. Also in most of Western Europe, even if at lowerrates, private mobility is increasing. In some cities, however, car use and car ownership are finally decreasing, alsothanks to policies implemented. Of course, an increase of traffic flows poses problems in terms of street space, pollutionand liveability of cities. Sustainable integration of all kinds of transport into the urban development process is one ofthe most effective actions in the hands of city planners. The coordination between the planning of residential and businessdevelopment areas and the expansion of public transport and its hierarchical integration is however a difficult butnecessary exercise. Transport modelling tools, in particular, need important advancements to integrate transport andland use in simulations. This article analyses the main challenges in the use of transport models to support the constructionof city plans by means of two case studies of Milan and Vilnius. The analysis deals both with traditional aspects,such as the proper simulation of multimodal choices, the level of detail of zoning, the issues associated to the simulationof traffic management policies. Then, we will focus on two aspects still open: the integration of transport modelling andeconomic assessment or ranking of actions, and the inclusion of land use changes in the modelling