The Terms of Trade Facing South Korea with Respect to Its Trade with LDCs and DMEs

This paper examines the terms of trade for South Korea's trade in manufactures with developed and developing countries separately, using primary data for the construction of indices which cover the period 1976-95. During this period, there was no significant trend in South Korea's net barter terms of trade with developed market economies. However, income terms of trade rose, suggesting that South Korea has increased the volumes of her manufactured exports to DMEs without experiencing a fall in their relative price. With regard to trade in manufactures with developing countries , the paper finds a significant increase in South Korea's net barter terms of trade in manufactures and an even greater increase in the income terms of trade. In this case South Korea has seen a relative increase in prices at the same time as she has been able to increase the volume of manufactured exports to developing countries.

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Exporting manufactures: Human resources, natural resources, and trade policy

Whether a country's exports consist mainly of manufactures or mainly of primary products depends fundamentally on the skills of its labour force, relative to the extent of its natural resources. This proposition, derived from a modified version of Heckscher-Ohlin theory, is supported by a strong cross-country correlation between the manufactured/primary export ratio and the skill/land ratio. Cross-country variation in trade policies is now only a minor cause of variation in the manufactured/primary export ratio.