The social networks and support of juvenile sex offenders:Before, during and after their treatment

Recent empirical studies have found evidence for the rehabilitative effect of social networks and support by these networks. Specifically for individuals convicted for a sexual offense it is assumed that their social network and support by this network are important protective factors against further delinquency (Dong & Krohn, 2017). However, empirical studies have also found that the quality of social support and the network of individuals convicted for a sexual offense is often inadequate, causing sex offenders to experience high levels of social isolation and loneliness (Marshall, 1989; 2010; Miner & Munns, 2005). For juveniles who committed a sexual offense the role of social networks and support by these networks might be even more salient, because they are in a developmental stage where the social network of family and peers is highly influential on their life outcomes (Sampson & Laub, 1993). This presentation will focus on examining a sample of about 150 juveniles who received treatment for committing a sexual offense. First, the influence of their social network and support by this network on the commission of the sexual offense will be presented. Thus, testing the assumption of an association between social support and the social network of the offender on the type of sexual offense committed. Second, the role of social networks and support during and after treatment will be examined to establish whether and how they have an effect on treatment outcomes

Het effect van werk op de criminele carrière van jeugdige zedendelinquenten

In this paper delinquent development from age 12 to 29 of 498 juvenile sex offenders is analyzed. Fixed and random effects models are used to determine the effect of employment and of the stability of employment on the criminal career. We first show that juvenile sex offenders have limited access to the labor market, with stagnating participation rates from age 25 on, many different and short contracts. In spite of this, employment reduces offending, and having stable employment has an additional reducing effect on crime. We also looked at three types of sex offenders (child abusers, peer abusers and group offenders), who have a different background and for whom therefore effects could differ. We found no difference for offender types in the effect of employment on offending. The effects of employment stability, however, were due to only child abusers experiencing significant effects of continuity. We conclude that for juvenile sex offenders employment impacts similarly on offending as was found in previous studies among high-risk groups. Met behulp van een fixed- en random-effectsmodel onderzochten wij het effect van werk op de criminele carrière van 498 jeugdige zedendelinquenten van 12 tot gemiddeld bijna 29 jaar. Wij laten allereerst zien dat de transities van jeugdige zedendelinquenten naar de arbeidsmarkt beperkt zijn: vanaf 25 jaar stagneert participatie, en veel jeugdige zedendelinquenten werken in wisselende en korte contracten. Desondanks vonden wij zowel voor het hebben als voor de continuïteit van een baan een significant remmend effect op delinquentie. Gezien de verschillen in probleemachtergrond onderzochten wij vervolgens of deze effecten verschillen voor diverse typen zedendelinquenten (kindmisbruiker, leeftijdgenootmisbruiker en groepsdader). Wij vonden dat de effecten niet verschilden. Het additioneel dempend effect van werkcontinuïteit werd alleen gevonden bij de kindmisbruikers: bij deze groep zien we dat de kans op criminaliteit bij langere contractduur verder afneemt. Wij concluderen dat - net als in andere hoogrisicogroepen - werk bij jeugdige zedendelinquenten een remmend effect heeft op de criminele carrière

Endophthalmitis after strabismus surgery: incidence and outcome in relation to age, operated eye muscle, surgical technique, scleral perforation and immune state

Purpose: Identify risk factors for endophthalmitis after strabismus surgery (EASS) and relate these to incidence and outcome. Methods: Ophthalmologists, who had operated, diagnosed or treated EASS, completed a case record form with 71 questions in six domains: Preoperative, Surgery, Perforation, Postoperative, Outcome and Experts’ opinion. To estimate the age-specific incidence per number of strabismus operations in the Netherlands during 1994-2013, the age distribution of Dutch cases was compared with the age-specific rates of strabismus surgery in the Dutch Registry of Strabismus Operations and with population data. Exploratory data analysis was performed. The immune state was evaluated in six patients. Five enucleated eyes were studied histopathologically. Results: None of the 26 patients (27 eyes with EASS) were between 9 and 65 years old, except for one patient with retinal haemorrhage followed by endophthalmitis. In the Netherlands during 1994-2013, the rate of EASS was approximately one per 11 000 strabismus operations, but one per 4300 for children aged 0–3 and one per 1000 for patients 65 and older. Endophthalmitis was diagnosed on postoperative day 1–4 in children aged 0–3. In all 15 children aged 0–5, the 16 affected eyes were phthisical, eviscerated or enucleated. The involved eye muscle had been recessed in 25 of 27 cases. It was a medial rectus in 15 of 16 children aged 0–6. It was a lateral (6), inferior (2) or medial (1) rectus in elderly. Scleral perforation went unnoticed in all children (no record in three) and in two of seven elderly (no record in two). Histopathology showed transscleral scarring compatible with scleral perforation in four patients but, in a two-year-old girl who had EASS together with a transient medial rectus palsy, the sclera underneath the former suture tract was not perforated but did contain the long posterior ciliary artery. Conclusions: Endophthalmitis after strabismus surgery (EASS) affects children and elderly, with a grave outcome in young children. It occurs after recession of the medial rectus muscle in children, and it may occur without scleral perforation. Age and perforation influence many other parameters that determine the occurrence and fulminance of EASS

The Employment-Crime Association for Individuals Convicted of a Sexual Offense in Their Youth

Objective We study the bi-directional relationship between employment and crime for individuals convicted for a sexual offense in their youth (JSO) and investigate the moderating influences of age and employment duration. Method A bi-variate dynamic binary choice model is developed to allow for interactions between employment and crime. The model takes into account statistical aspects such as state dependence and unobserved heterogeneity. Results For a sample of N = 493 JSO, who are observed in early adulthood, age 18 until 28, we find significant negative predictive effects for employment on property offending and vice versa. For other types of offenses, the model indicates that the negative correlation with employment is due to spurious effects. This holds for all ages, but the negative effect of employment on property offending becomes stronger for the older cohorts, while the effect of property offending on employment decreases in magnitude. Employment duration is found to be a mild moderating factor. Conclusion The evidence in favor of bidirectional negative relationships among offending and employment that increase in magnitude with age suggests the importance of theories that emphasize cumulative (dis)advantage, such as social control theory