The relationship between polar mesospheric clouds and their background atmosphere as observed by Odin-SMR and Odin-OSIRIS

In this study the properties of polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) and the background atmosphere in which they exist are studied using measurements from two instruments, OSIRIS and SMR, on board the Odin satellite. The data comes from a set of tomographic measurements conducted by the satellite during 2010 and 2011. The expected ice mass density and cloud frequency for conditions of thermodynamic equilibrium, calculated using the temperature and water vapour as measured by SMR, are compared to the ice mass density and cloud frequency as measured by OSIRIS. We find that assuming thermodynamic equilibrium reproduces the seasonal, latitudinal and vertical variations in ice mass density and cloud frequency, but with a high bias of a factor of 2 in ice mass density. To investigate this bias, we use a simple ice particle growth model to estimate the time it would take for the observed clouds to sublimate completely and the time it takes for these clouds to reform. We find a difference in the median sublimation time (1.8 h) and the reformation time (3.2 h) at peak cloud altitudes (82-84 km). This difference implies that temperature variations on these timescales have a tendency to reduce the ice content of the clouds, possibly explaining the high bias of the equilibrium model. Finally, we detect and are, for the first time, able to positively identify cloud features with horizontal scales of 100 to 300 km extending far below the region of supersaturation (>2 km). Using the growth model, we conclude these features cannot be explained by sedimentation alone and suggest that these events may be an indication of strong vertical transport

The relationship between polar mesospheric clouds and their background atmosphere as observed by Odin-SMR and Odin-OSIRIS

In this study the properties of polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) and the background atmosphere in which they exist are studied using measurements from two instruments, OSIRIS and SMR, on board the Odin satellite. The data comes from a set of tomographic measurements conducted by the satellite during 2010 and 2011. The expected ice mass density and cloud frequency for conditions of thermodynamic equilibrium, calculated using the temperature and water vapour as measured by SMR, are compared to the ice mass density and cloud frequency as measured by OSIRIS. We find that assuming thermodynamic equilibrium reproduces the seasonal, latitudinal and vertical variations in ice mass density and cloud frequency, but with a high bias of a factor of 2 in ice mass density. To investigate this bias, we use a simple ice particle growth model to estimate the time it would take for the observed clouds to sublimate completely and the time it takes for these clouds to reform. We find a difference in the median sublimation time (1.8 h) and the reformation time (3.2 h) at peak cloud altitudes (82-84 km). This difference implies that temperature variations on these timescales have a tendency to reduce the ice content of the clouds, possibly explaining the high bias of the equilibrium model. Finally, we detect and are, for the first time, able to positively identify cloud features with horizontal scales of 100 to 300 km extending far below the region of supersaturation (>2 km). Using the growth model, we conclude these features cannot be explained by sedimentation alone and suggest that these events may be an indication of strong vertical transport

Tipo de conhecimento sobre inclusão produzido pelas pesquisas Type of knowledge about inclusion produced by research

As pesquisas brasileiras sobre produção de conhecimento no campo da Educação Especial iniciaram-se há mais de 15 anos. No presente objetivou-se analisar o tipo de conhecimento produzido nessa área frente à metodologia empregada nas dissertações e teses financiadas pelo Programa de Apoio a Educação Especial. Os trabalhos de conclusão de curso analisados referiam-se àqueles projetos aprovados pelo Proesp no âmbito do Estado de São Paulo. O período de análise ficou compreendido entre 2004 e 2008. Vinte e sete estudos foram localizados. A análise dos estudos foi realizada por meio de cinco categorias: 1) pesquisas que apresentaram generalização e aplicação imediata dos resultados; 2) pesquisas que apresentaram resultados imediatos para um grupo específico de participantes; 3) pesquisas descritivas com achados inovadores; 4) pesquisas de intervenção com achados inovadores; 5) pesquisas descritivas que corroboraram outras pesquisas. Foi possível concluir que os estudos avançaram nos conhecimentos sobre a inclusão e que o uso de metodologias pouco utilizadas no campo da educação serviu de subsídio para obter os resultados.<br>The Brazilian research on knowledge production in the field of Special Education began more than 15 years ago. The objective was to analyze the type of knowledge produced in the area before the methodology used in dissertations funded by the "Programa de Apoio a Educação Especial - PROESP". The final paper analyzed referred to those projects approved by PROESP within the State of São Paulo. The analysis period was between 2004 and 2008. Twenty-seven studies were found. The review was conducted through five categories: 1) studies that showed generalization and immediate application of the results, 2) research that showed immediate results for a specific group of participants, 3) descriptive research with innovative findings, 4) intervention research with innovative findings and 5) descriptive research that corroborated other studies. It was concluded that the studies advance in knowledge on inclusion and the use of some infrequent methodologies in education served as a subsidy to get the results