Group-level moralization of local deities appears to increase as a function of group-level material security.

<p>Note that the Hadza are missing due to difficulty with scale items and the Lovu are missing due to a lack of local deity data. This figure illustrates how aggregate, group-level patterns can be misleading for individual-level inferences. Compare this to the null effects in the Local Deity block in Fig 2 and Table D in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0193856#pone.0193856.s001" target="_blank">S1 Supporting Information</a>.</p

90% credibility intervals of mean estimates for factors predicting achieved fertility (Model 1 in Table 2).

<p>Effects to the right of zero are positive and effects to the left of zero are negative.</p

Cross-population mean estimates of achieved fertility with 90% credibility intervals.

<p>Cross-population mean estimates of achieved fertility with 90% credibility intervals.</p

Mean estimates and 90% credibility intervals for the levels of moral concern, knowledge breadth, punishment, and self-reported devotional ritual frequency attributed to moralistic (<i>a</i>) and local (<i>b</i>) deities as a function of food security, years of formal education and number of children.

<p>These results hold participant sex and age constant. All values are from the results tables taken from the full models in Tables D-G in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0193856#pone.0193856.s001" target="_blank">S1 Supporting Information</a>. The end points of histograms are mean estimates. We include them for easier visual comparison of relative direction and distance from zero. Narrower error bars indicate more precise estimates. Effects to the right of zero are positive and effects to the left of zero are negative. Error bar symmetry around zero indicates no reliable effect; we found no evidence supporting any of the target predictions about religion.</p

Descriptive statistics of each field site.

<p>Descriptive statistics of each field site.</p